expert.
哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。
（动词?名词）
9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.
服从命令是军人的天职。（形容词?名词）
10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad.
我国政府十分关怀海外华侨。（副词?形容词）
11．From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy.
我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。（形容词?副词）
第七章 英汉翻译中的词义的引申
Teaching Objectives (教学目的):
1. To make students understand the extended meaning of a word in translation 2. To help students learn to use the extended meaning of a word in translation 3. To require the students to know the character of extended meaning of a word in translation
Teaching Requirements(教学要求):
1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .
2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .
Teaching methodology(教学方法):
1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):
3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method
Time Distributive(时间分配)
1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)
Focuses in teaching (教学难点)
1.The rhetoric method of extended meaning of a word in translation
Teaching Procedures (教学过程)
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英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。所谓的引申，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。 1. 逻辑引申(参看书中解释)
逻辑引申是指在翻译过程中, 利用直译方法时, 译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其基本意义出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。例如：
1）I‘ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象词具体化) 我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛。 2）Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants.
还有些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了， 可是一遇到风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。（《毛泽东选集》五卷407页）cocky(骄傲自大) （具体词抽象化）
3）After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。（暗喻）
4) Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜有苦。（这里把roses玫瑰 and thorns刺两个具体形象引申为两个形象所代表的属性：甜和苦）
5）Fatty‘s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。 2. 语用引申
把原文的 玄外之音（implication）补译出来，这是属于语用学引伸的手法。补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的，为的是避免译文晦涩费解。 1）（参看书中例句 1） The new father wore a proud smile. 2）（参看书中例句 4）
3) With their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch
down much more freely and nimbly.
脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹿跳觉得轻松，爬起卧到感到利落。（冯志《敌后武工队》）原文 笨重、 轻便两词，含蓄地表达了“卸下了千斤重载”的含义，(此句是补译)
3. 修词引伸 1）（参看书中例句 1、2） 4．概念范围的调整
（参看书中例句 1、2） 5．词义引伸的层次
简化为三层（参看书中解释） （参看书中例句 1、3）
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6. 词义的褒贬
英译汉时, 原文中有些词本身就
表示褒贬意义, 就应该把褒贬意义表相应地表达出来，但有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的, 译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。
1）He was a man of high renown (fame).
他是位有名望的人。（褒） 2）The task carried out by them are praiseworthy.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
（褒）
3）His notoriety as rake did not come until his death.
他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传
开来的。(贬)
4）We were shocked by his course manners.
我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。
(贬)
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5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛山矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。（中性词褒义）
6) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（中性词贬义） 7．. 练习EX.
1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the
1920s that Hitler‘s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.
4) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in
the President‘s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.
6) The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.
1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.（具体词抽象化）
帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。(这里把tiger老虎和ape猿 这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性: ―残暴‖和 ―狡猾‖)。 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
我前头的车辆停住了，我错过了绿灯。（抽象词具体化）
3）In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the
1920s that Hitler‘s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930…（具体词抽象化）
事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至于在一九三零，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。……（to goosestep 是从名词goosestep“鹅步”；“正步”转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里“goosestepped into”根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。
4）As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President‘s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. （抽象词具体化）
在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处
开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。
5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）
6）The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.
两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。(褒
义)
第八章 英汉翻译中“虚”与“实”的转化
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Teaching Objectives (教学目的):
1.To make students understand the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation
2.To help students learn to use this method
3. To require the students to know the character of the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation
Teaching Requirements(教学要求):
1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .
2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .
Teaching methodology(教学方法):
? Communicative method (交际法) ? Cognitive method(认知法):
? Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ? The grammar-translation method
Time Distributive(时间分配)
1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 21 Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)
Focuses in teaching (教学难点)
1. The method of the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation
Teaching Procedures (教学过程)
英语翻译中的“虚”与“实”的转换主要涉及对英语名词、副词和形容词的汉译。本章将讨论三种情况。
一、抽象名词“虚”与“实”的转化 （又称在抽象名词后增加名词）
例如：（书中例 1）
1. A firm‘s involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm‘s survival and growth.
公司在产品出口中参与情况的程度不一，从最低程度的参与一直到将出口视为公司生存和发展必要条件的参 与都会存在。（参看书中例 1分析）
英语中有很多抽象名词源自动词或形容词。翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规 范。如：
to persuade说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation
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