such conditions until that death ensures which is the inevitable consequence---knows that these thousands of victims must perish, and yet permits these conditions to remain, its deed is murder just as surely as the deed of the single individual; disguised,malicious murder.murder against which none can defend himself, which does not seem what it is, because no man sees murderer, because the death of the victim seems a natural one, since the offence is more one of omission than of commission. (But murder it remains.)
汉语长句英译时：能顺译的就顺译，不能顺译的采取调整语序、断句等方法。
1.在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。（1998年）
(In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness. People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.)
2. 20世纪上半叶的上海，曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业的中心，有着远东大都市神奇的历史，吸引过不少外来资本，因而一度成为冒险家的乐园。
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In the first half of the 20th century, Shanghai was/served as the industrial, trading, financial and commercial center of China. With its mysterious history of an Asian / Oriental metropolis, it attracted many foreign investors and became an adventurers‘ paradise.
3. 长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横跨中国北部七个省、自治区，全长六千多公里，号称万里长城，是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。
Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west, the Great Wall traverses China‘s five northern provinces and two autonomous regions. As it extends over a
distance of more than 6,000kms, it is called in Chinese the Wanlichangcheng, which means ―Ten Thousand Li Long Wall‖. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people in ancient China and also one of the great architectural wonders/miracles in the world.
4. 东方明珠广播电视塔位于黄浦江畔，浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。
The Oriental Pearl Radio and Television Tower stands by the Huangpu River and at the point of Lujiazui. Surrounded by waters on three sides and facing a row of buildings of variegated（多样化的） western architectures in the Bund（堤岸，江[海]边大道） across the river, the 468-meter-tall tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.
第十三章 语境对译文词义及句子意义的制约
Teaching Objectives (教学目的):
1. To make students understand how the meaning in a sentence or in a word confined by the context in translation
2. To help students translate the sentences correctly.
3. To require the students to know the character of context in translation.
Teaching Requirements(教学要求):
1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .
2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .
Teaching methodology(教学方法):
1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method (认知法):
3. Functional and notional method (功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method
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Time Distributive(时间分配)
1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 35 Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)
Focuses in teaching (教学难点)
The choice of the meaning in a sentence or in a word according to the context
Teaching Procedures (教学过程)
一、语境及其作用 （课文P.115）
语境是语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所处的境况。人们在言语交际的过程中要想顺利地交流思想和理解话语始发者的信息，必须运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观环境因素，这里所谓的上下文和主客观环境因素就是语境。例如：（下面几个四、六级选择题）
1. Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their for world conquest.
A. admiration B. ambition C. administration D. orientation （2001.1.33）
以上四个选项均为名词。A. 钦佩，赞美；B. 野心，雄心，志气；C. 管理，经营；D. 朝向，定位。根据上下文laid bare 和world conquest 来分析B项与题意相符。全句意为：“他们的外交政策完全暴露了他们征服世界的野心。”
2. For many patients, institutional care is the most and beneficial form of care. A. pertinent B. appropriate C. acute D. persistent (2000.6.41)
A. 有关的，中肯的；B.适当的，适合的；C. 敏锐的，急性的；D. 持续的。根据上下文句中patients（病人）和 form of care.（护理方式） 的意义来看，只有B项符合题意。即“对于许多病人来说，慈善机构的护理是最合适并且最有益的一种护理方式。”
3. The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of . We have never seen such a building before.
A. orientation B. originality C. illusion D. invention (2003. 6.)
A.位置；方向；B.创造性；独特性；C. 幻觉；幻影；D. 创造；发明。 由第二个句子：“We have never seen such a building before.（我们从未见过这样的建筑）” 为线索，抓住题意，可知B.为正确答案。
二、英汉词语特征比较（课文P.116-117） 1. 英语词语的特征 （1）英语是拼音文字 （2）一词多义性
例如―last‖这一形容词：
1) He is the last man to come.. 2) He is the last man to do it.
3) He is the last person for such a job. 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 5) He is the last man to consult.
6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 1) He is the last man to come..他是最后来的。
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2) He is the last man to do it.他决不会干那件事。
3) He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 （3）一词多词性 例如“but”一词：
（试着翻译下列几个句子）
——He would like to go, but he‘s busy. ——There ?s no one here but me. ——The job is all but finished.
——Not a man but had tears in his eyes.
——I‘m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. ——But me no buts. 1）“but”用作conj.(连词) “但是，而是；可是；但也，同时” ——He would like to go, but he‘s busy. 他很想去，可是很忙。 2）“but”用作prep.(介词) ―除……外‖
——There ?s no one here but me.除我以外，没人在这儿。 3）“but”用作adv.(副词)“只是，刚刚；而且；几乎” ——The job is all but finished.这工作差不多完成了。 4）“but”用作pron.(代词) ―that…not;who…not (接于否定词后)‖
——Not a man but had tears in his eyes.(= There was no one without tears in his eyes.)
没有谁眼睛不含着泪水的。 5）“but”用作n.（名词） ifs and buts (inf.) ―借口；托词‖(非正式用语) ——I‘m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you.
你的托词我听厌了，照着我的话作就是了。 ——But me no buts.不要更我辩，不要找借口。 2. 汉语词语的特征 （1）一字一词
（2）一个字代表几个词 例如“事”：汉语中“事”的基本意义与英语中―matter, affair, thing, business‖等词相近。但在不同的上下文中，此句会有各种不同的含义。
1）遇事和大家商量。
Consult the masses when problems arise. 这里“遇事”的“事”，实际上是“有待解决的问题”，因此译为problems
2）农民所做的事很多……农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。（《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页）
The peasants have done a great many things… the peasants under the leadership of the peasant associations have the following fourteen great achievements to their credit.
本句中第一个“事”用的是它的一般意义，译做things。第二个“事”是指农民协会所 取得的光辉业绩，故把它译成achievements。 （3）几个字不是一个词
三、原文语境制约译文词义、句义的选择
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1. 原文语境规约译文词义的选择
由于语境的不同和词的上下文搭配不同，也导致一个词有不同的翻译。
（1）To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her but it had been an agony for years.
脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
（2）An area the size of the Hornet‘s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.
在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们一次又一次地练习从这
样一块有限的面积上起飞。
（3）He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working ,as though about to take off.
他工作的上时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。
（4）Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed ―baggies‖ that took off in high school and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers;
他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们
称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很快仿制起来。 2. 原文语境规约译句子的意义（词的内涵及外延不一样） (1) She has a son you know. He?s a man now. 你知道，她有个儿子，现已长大成人了。（句中man表示“成年男人”） (2) They can‘t stay in the same room if they are not man and wife. 如果他们不是夫妻，就不能同住一屋。（句中man意为丈夫） (3) Very well sir, you are the master and I‘m the man. 是的，先生，您是主人，我听从您的吩咐。（句中man意为仆人，随从） 3. 原文语境赋予译文表达以巨大的灵活性和多样性（课文P.120-121） 下面以“figure”为例
(1) The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures.
对外贸易的数字有了空前的增涨。
(2) Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.
埃利奥特博士是学术界最受尊敬的人物之一。 (3) On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato.
书桌上有一尊柏拉图的铜像
(4) He saw dim figures moving towards him.
他隐隐约约看见一些人影在向他跟前移动。 (5) June was good at figure skating.
琼善于花式溜冰。
四、练习
1. Translating the short passage in page 121 2. Preparing the chapter fourteen
3. 翻译下列句子，注意划线部分词的译法。 1）他的英语水平比我的高。
2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。
1）他的英语水平比我的高。
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