中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创
造、勇于革命的。
2）Our policy must be made known not only to the leaders and to the cadres but also to the broad masses.（重复动词）
我们的政策，不光要使领导者知道，干部知道，还要使广大群众知道。 3）Happy families also had their own troubles.( 重复物主代词词 their )
幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
He was proficient (精通的, 熟练的)both as a flyer and as a navigator.( 重复形容词proficient)
他既精于飞行，又善于导航。
4）
5） In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.（重复代词）
在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。
6) Some play soccer and others
played basketball.（英语原文中没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复的手段。）
踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，
打篮球去了。（或者：有的踢足球去了，有
11
的打篮球去了。）
7) He wanted to send them more
aid, more weapons and a few more men.（原文中动词send没有重复，译文中用“增加、增添、增派”三个不同形式重复同一个内容。）
他想给他们增加些援助，增添些
武器、增派些人员。
8) The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from ―Shangri-la ‖, the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.( 重复同位语Shangri-la)
这位总统洋洋得意地宣称，这批飞机是从“香格里拉”起飞的，而“香格里拉”是个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃园。
9) Long, long time ago there lived in England a wise and good king whose name was Alfred.
很久很久以前，英国有个名叫艾尔弗雷德的英明国王。（重复为了加强语气。） 10) What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and learn. 我们首先需要的是：学习，学习，再学习。（重复为了加强语气。）
11) Courage in excess becomes hoolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇之过度则为蛮，爱之过度则为宠， 俭之过度则为贪。（原文affection 和thrift省
略了定语in excess和谓语becomes，汉译时补上。）
12.Yet he hardly expected the Germans to recover sufficiently to launch the stunning surprise that burst on the
western Front as Christmas approached that winter.
可是他万万没有料到，在那年冬天圣诞节来到之前，德军竟能重整旗鼓，恢复元气，发动一次令人震惊的奇袭，猛扑西线。
to recover sufficiently 意为“充分地恢复”，此处译为“重整旗鼓，恢复元气”其实也是一种重复译法，只不过不是重复某种词，而是利用汉语的四字结构重复原文中某一词意，使译文达到了生动有力的效果。 二、练习（第五章重复/增词法）
1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。 (语法增加) 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
（增加副词）
3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。（形容词前增加名词） 4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下相互交换了信件。（解释性增加）
12
5There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他从来没有见过的。
6. The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王.
7.In catching up with and surpassing the world‘s advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength.
赶超世界先进水平， 关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 我们必须积极采用新技术，新设备、新工艺、新材料。
第六章 英语翻译中的词类转换法
Teaching Objectives (教学目的):
1. To make students understand the transformation of parts of speech in translation 2. To require the students to know the character of parts of speech in translation
Teaching Requirements(教学要求):
⑨ Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .
⑩ Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. ? Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .
Teaching methodology(教学方法):
? Communicative method (交际法) ? Cognitive method(认知法):
? Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ? The grammar-translation method
Time Distributive(时间分配)
1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) ? Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)
Focuses in teaching (教学难点)
1.The method of transforming parts of speech.
Teaching Procedures (教学过程)
英汉两种语言的使用范围和表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有些句子可以逐词（word-for-word）对译，如：She is a beautiful girl.“她是个漂亮姑娘。”此译文中的词性基本上与英语相当。但在大多数情况下，翻译句子时不能逐渐词对译，如：He is a liar. 就不能直译为“他是个说谎的人，”因为汉语习惯不这样说，可译为“他爱说谎。”这样，汉语各词
13
的词性与英语就不对应了。又如：He took his students to the factory for a visit. ―他带学生到工
，
有时要把原文的一种词转换成译入语的另一种词类。随着词类的变化，句子的结构也产生了变化。
厂去参观。‖ 原文中只有一个动词took，译成汉语后却出现了4个动词。可见在翻译中一、转译成汉语动词
在英译汉时，英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。例如：
1）We mustn‘t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city.(名词转译成汉语动词)
我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 （具备动词概念的名词）
2）The airline has been in operation for many years.（名词转译成汉语动词） 这家航空公司已经营多年。
3）Do you see the boy in blue? (介词转译成汉语动词) 你看见那位穿蓝衣服的男孩子吗？
4）We were all in favor of his suggestion. （介词转译成汉语动词） 我们全体赞成他的建议。
5）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.（形容词转译成汉语动词） 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
6）He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.（形容词转译成汉语动词） 直到她开口说话他才意识到她在面前。
英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后做表语，往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的形容词有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able…” 7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副词转译成汉语动词) 她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。 二、转译成汉语名词
1． 动词译成汉语名词
1）Formality (拘泥形式, 拘谨;遵守礼节)has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
2）This store features round-the-clock service. 这家商店的特点是昼夜服务。
14
3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节（或：粗心大意）。
如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配；或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯，可以把动词译成名词，再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。
4）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。
5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.
有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。 2． 形容词译成汉语名词
1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人热爱并保护穷人。 3）Steven was eloquent and elegant--- but soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度。 三、其他转译法
1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。（名词 ? 形容词） 2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的话给我留下很深的印象。（副 ? 形容词） 3) He is the right man I‘m looking for. 他正是我要找的人。（形 ? 副词） 四、练习
1．They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase.
他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。（名词?动词）
2．Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their
approachment and cooperation.
国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。（名词?动词） 3．The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.
发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。（介词?动词）
4．Don‘t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than
you are.
不要惧怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。（形容词?动词） 5．That book will be out pretty soon.
那本书不久就要出版了。（副词?动词）
6．It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty.
我们的目标是是不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。（介词?动词） 7．The book did not impress me at all.
那本书没给我留下什么印象
8
. Harry aims to become a computer
15