英语专业毕业论文写作指导 46
We have examined the effects of...on...
Although increasingly more is known about...
As... can be..., several author have investigated the role of... A developmental study was undertaken to describe the... Many studies have brought out that... Many previous studies have shown that... Some information is also available as to ...
In the present study...was researched under conditions of... We are also interested in ...
In addition to our interest in understanding...In addition to its role as a... In contrast, the present author found previously that... The results made by...have shown... Recent evidence suggested that...
Recent experiments by...have suggested...
To meet this challenge, a great deal of effort focusing on... ...is (are) needed better understand...At the present time... However, it is becoming increasingly clear that... 3）结语
毕业论文的结语乃是回顾和总结自己的论点，结束全文，它具有回顾性和回溯性。结论部分也是毕业论文有机整体的一部分。结论部分在整篇论文中起到结束全文的重要作用，必须对全文做出总结，重申论文中的论点，并强调研究发现的重要性。结论部分多以现在时态为主，少有使用过去时态的。但也应视具体情况而定。
结论部分包括三个组成部分：（1）总结、回顾论文各部分的主要内容，重申论文的论点；（2）探讨该研究在更加广泛的研究背景下的意义；（3）展望该研究在未来的发展趋势。如：
This paper presents a call for schools in the independent education sector to assess the provision of ELICOS for international FLOTE students who intend to pursue secondary school and further education study in Australia. Given the resources and experience of independent schools in education, I believe that as ELICOS providers they have a potential to make a valuable contribution to English language education for international students. It is my hope that further investigations of ELICOS for secondary school and further education studies will contribute to the needed dissemination of research on delivering English language courses in Australian school courses.
作者首先总结和回顾全文，然后对ELICOS承办者做出评价，最后展望未来对该领域进一步研究的可能性。
结论应概括、归纳和总结全文，应包含论文各部分的主要观点并阐明个部分的关系。与此同时，大部分结论都展望未来并简要探讨该研究对同一领域相关研究的作用和意义。当然，也有的在结论部分提到现阶段研究不足之处，或采用其他方法的，但大多都采用第一中方式结束论文。请看以下论文结束部分：
It would be quite wrong for me to imply here that a surefire solution has been found to the widespread and intractable problem of providing a crash course in report writing for postgraduate students possessed of a very wide range of English skills at intake. What does seem clear, however, is that focusing on text at the phrase level, and in particular the phrase structure ―X of Y‖, provides a useful starting point, acceptable and helpful to students at all but he very lowest levels. It will be of interest to establish in future whether command and use of this structure correlates
英语专业毕业论文写作指导 47
with relatively higher marks both in Geology examination answers and in the end-pf-program research report.
作者指出了论文中所提建议的不足之处，最后展望未来，指出在该领域进一步探讨研究的可能性。
根据论文的论题，引用该领域一位名人或权威的话结束论文，这也是非常好的结束论文的一种方法。引用名人或权威的话可使论文更加具有说服力，但引用的话应能充分切合你的论点，并能充分证明或支持你在论文中提出的论点。如：
There is no doubt that machines will get smarter and amarter, evern designing their own software and making new and better chips for new generations of computers (―incest is best,‖ one industry slogan has it). More and more of their power will be devoted to making them easier to use — ―friendly‖, in industry parlance — even for those not trained in computer science. And computer scientists expect that public ingenuity will come up with applications the most visionary researchers have not even considered. One day, a global network of smart machines will be exchanging rapid-fire bursts of information at unimaginable speeds. If they are used wisely, they could help mankind to educate its masses and crack new scientific frontiers. ―For all of us, it will be fearful, terrifying, disruptive,‖ says SRL‘s Peter Schwartz.
―In the end there will be those whose lives will be diminished. But for the vast majority, their lives will be greatly enhanced.‖ In any event, there is no turning back: if the smart machines have not taken over, they are fast making themselves indispensable — and in the end, that may amount to very much the same thing.
也可提出问题结束论文，但开篇提问与提问结尾的功能是不同的。开篇提问的目的是为了分析和解决问题，而结尾时提出的问题是为了给读者以思考的余地。
结束部分可用以下句型:
To test specifically the ability of...
The primary objective of our study was to examine ...
The goal of this study was to select...and to see whether the ...
The objective of the current study was therefore to examine the effects of... on ... This paper reports the growth response of ... to ... under field condition in... This paper describes an experiment done to test the effects of... on... Our objectives were (I)..., (ii) ...
第四节 注释
一般而言，注释（Notes）之功能有四：1．对于正文中所陈述之事实、论点、或所引述之文句，说明所根据资料来源之权威性；2．做为交互参照(Cross-reference)，指引读者参照论文中其它有关部分；3．当作者认为应该对正文中所提到的资料或所讨论的议题，做进一步的附带说明、评论或衍伸，而又怕在正文中提及会影响行文顺畅，或是打断读者的思路时，就可以利用注释来加以阐释；4．作者对在其研究过程中，曾给予支持、协助或启发之个人或团体，表示感谢之意。
因此，注释可以分为两种，一为说明资料出处的资料注(Reference notes)，用以彰显前述注释之第1、2项功用；二为解释内容的内容注（Content notes），用以满足前述注释之第3、4项功用。
注释通常采用夹注（in-text note）；脚注（footnote）和尾注（endnote）三种方法。 1．夹注即在引文之后，用括号的形式注明引文的作者、著作或文章的名称、出版处、页码
英语专业毕业论文写作指导 48
等。夹注应清晰而准确。注明必须的信息即可。整个夹注用括号与行文区分开。 1）论文正文中提及作者名的，只在括号内注明页码即可。
This fact led the critic Owen Thomas to conclude that Emily Dickinson ―was well aware of the world outside her little room, that in fact she used the language of this outside world to crate some of here best poetry‖(523).
2）如论文正文中没有提及作者姓名，夹注中应注明作者和页码。
But an economist who predicted the depression of 1981 a year in advance fears the price of gold will decline slowly for at least ten years (Goodserve 143).
3）若所引用的作者资料在后面的Works Cited中不止一处的，则应在夹注中注明其题目，除非在文中已经提到了。
Chomsky claims that all humans inherit the same basic linguistic structural framework upon which their community‘s particular language is fitted (Language 29-41).
4）如不知作者姓名，则文中也没有提及，那么，则在夹注中将题目注明。
Only Mayor McCarthy expressed the least optimism toward the city‘s fate (―Rebirth‖ 2).
5）如果引用的资料有两个或以上作者，论文中已经提到了，则只在括号里注明页码；如论文中没有提及，则应在括号里注明作者和页码。
Patterson and Linden agree that the gorilla Koko acquitted language more slowly than a normal speaking child (83-90).
The authors of Women‘s Ways of Knowing make a distinction between ―separate knowing‖ and ―connected knowing‖ (Belenky et al. 100-30) or (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule 100-30).
6）如论文引用的是多卷本书籍，括号内应注明卷号和页码。
Terman‘s studies of gifted children reveal a pattern of accelerated language acquisition (2: 279).
7）如引用小说则先在括号内注明页码，再注明其所在的章节。
Fitzgerald‘s narrator captures Gatsby in a moment of isolation: ―A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host‖(56; ch. 3).
引用戏剧，则应在括号内列出幕、场和行。
In his famous advice to the players, Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, ―Whose end, both at he first and now, was and is, to hold, as ?twere, the mirror up to nature‖ (3.2.21-23). 引用诗歌，则应在括号内注明其所在的诗节（如有的话）和诗行。
When Homer‘s Odysseus came to the hall of Ciurce, he found his men ―mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil‖ (10.209-11).
8）如果引用的是他人引用的语言，则在括号内注明“qtd. in”。
―We only used seven signs in his presence,‖ says Fouts. ―All of his signs were lwarned from the other chimps at the laboratory‖ (qtd. In Toner 24).
9）如果引用的不止一种资料来源，则在括号内分别注明，中间用分号隔开。
With intensive training, the apes in this study learned more than 200 signs or signals (Desmond 229; Linden 173).
2．脚注即在一页稿纸的下端注明引文的出处。在引文末端右上角用阿拉伯数字标明序号，并使用上标。须注意。标引文序号，要以页为单位。
Literary critics, serious biographers, and writers of fictionalized accounts of her life created an image of Emily Dickinson as a timid, reclusive, mystical thinker, who was too absorbed in
英语专业毕业论文写作指导 49
personal sorrows and ecstasies to be concerned with literary recognition. And this image persists, to a great extent, in the public mind today.1 其脚注应位于本页的下方，如
For a full discussion of sources leading to the ―Emily Myth,‖ see Ferlazzo: 13-21.
3．尾注即在全文后面集中标明引文的出处，与脚注不同的是它将全文的引文从前至后按阿拉伯数字的顺序统一编号。文中序号都应使用上标注明。尾注位于论文正文之后，Works Cited之前，单独成页。
采用何种方法加注，要视全文的情况而定。通常情况下，全文引文不多，使用夹注可以给人以直观的感觉；如果引文较多，则最好用脚注或尾注的形式。
第五节 参考文献
几乎所有的研究论文或毕业论文都基于以前的研究之上。做毕业论文之前，学生通常都是研读所选定领域，如文学、翻译、文化或语言学等方向，并从以前的研究中获取相关信息和灵感。在引用其作品或研究成果时，无论是直接还是间接引用，学生都必须注明其出处，一方面体现学生诚实做文，另一方面则表示对原作者的尊重和感谢。
在写作毕业论文的过程中，学生可通过多种途径获得相关的背景信息。如专著、期刊、文学作品、工具书、政府文件、电子资源等。汉语有称之为参考文献的，也有称作参考书目的，但根据美国现代语言协会（MLA），英文论文的参考文献应用Works Cited。Works Cited列出所有参考信息的来源，一方便查找相关信息。Works Cited也能增加研究的效度。对英语专业本科毕业生来说，只需要列出自己在论文正文中引用了的文献，包括直接和间接的引用。切勿将自己研究中根本没有参照过的文献列入Works Cited中。
英文论文的参考文献主要有三种格式：1、芝加哥手册格式（Chicago Manual Style）；2、美国现代语言协会格式（Modern Language Association Style）和3、美国心理学协会格式（American Psychological Association Style）。本书参考文献一律采用美国现代语言协会格式（MLA）。
学生做毕业论文时，如果引用另一部作品等都必须注明其出处，说明是否借鉴他人的观点、思想，原文出自何处等。如若不然，则有抄袭之嫌。
一般说来，参考文献（Works Cited）放在毕业论文正文和注释之后。参考文献应单独一页，但与毕业论文正文统一页码编号。如论文共15页，那么，参考文献就是16页。页码编号应在右上角，Works Cited居中，与第一条参考文献之间应空两行，所有参考文献都应靠左对齐。如果一条参考文献超出一行，则将其向左缩进五个字符。如：
Works Cited
Brindle, Reginald Smith. ―The Search Outwards: The Orient, Jazz, Archaisms.‖
The New Music: The Avant-Garde since 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 133-45.
Burnett, James. ―Ellington‘s Place as a Composer.‖ Gammond, 141-55.
Works Cited应按照作者的姓根据字母顺序排列，在Works Cited中，应将作者的姓放在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开。只有在两个或两个以上的姓相同时，逗号后的名才考虑，也按字母顺序排列。如：
MacDonald, Ruth McCullers, Kellogg Morris, Robert
英语专业毕业论文写作指导 50
Morris, William Morrison, Carson
如果知道道作者名字，则按书名或文章名排列，但开头的A，An 或The都不考虑，如：An Encyclopedia of the American Novel，按字母顺序应排在e下，而不排在字母a下。Works Cited的具体使用如下：
1．引用书籍和其他非杂志类的出版物
1）一个作者，一本著作（A Book by a Single Author）
这是学生毕业论文中引用最多的一种形式，包括三个主要部分： Author‘s name. Title of the book. Publication information. 作者姓名. 书名. 出版信息 例如：
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
作者姓名（Author‘s Name）
将作者的姓放在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开，全名后再用句号。 Wilson, Frank R.
Porter, Katherine Anne.
在Works Cited中，作者姓名应与所引用的书名或文章中一致，不能将其名字缩写，如书籍中的作者名字是George Brown，在Works Cited中则不能写成Brown, G. 如果引用的书籍或文章中用的是缩略形式，则可沿用。如
Eliot, T. S.
McLuhan, H. Marshall.
作者姓名前的职称、职务或学位等，在Works Cited中都应略去。 ON TITLE PAGE IN WORKS-CITED LIST Anthony T. Boyle, PhD Boyle, Anthony T. Sister Jean Daniel Daniel, Jean. Sir Philip Sidney Sidney, Philip. 书名（Title of the Book）
通常，所引用的书名应用全称，包括副标题在内。如果有副标题，则在书名后加冒号（colon），当然，书名是末尾是问号、感叹号或破折号时除外。书名全称（包括副标题）后加句号（period），如书名的结尾有另一个标点符号除外。书名全称，包括冒号、副标题和书名中的标点符号都加下划线，但书名全称后的句号不能加下划线。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. 出版信息（Publication Information）
出版信息通常包括出版城市（city of publication）、出版商（publisher‘s name）和出版年（year of publication）。出版商一般在封面，而其他出版信息则在封页背后，封页后的第一页，或在书后，或封底。出版城市和出版商之间用冒号隔开，出版上和出版年之间则用逗号隔开，出版年后用句号。
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
2）选集或编撰作品（An Anthology or a Compilation）
引用选集或编撰作品，在Works Cited中的条目，若是编辑的作品，其格式如下：