英语专业毕业论文写作指导(9)

2019-08-30 13:37

英语专业毕业论文写作指导 41

What happens in the language classroom is intimately linked to social and political forces in the world at large, and the practitioners must not only be aware but also understand these links if they are to be fully effective in their work. (摘自OPALS 2000)

也可进行评价来归纳和概括。如:

Research on learner beliefs in the last two decades had given us interesting insights into what language learners‘ view are concerning the teaching and learning of a second or foreign language. (摘自OPALS 2000)

通过对interesting insights的评价而对以往的语言学习者观念进行了概括。 (2)聚焦研究课题

在所有毕业论文研究中,聚焦或缩小课题范围是非常必要的。英语文学按时间可分为古代文学、现代文学、后现代文学等;按国别可分为英国文学、美国文学、加拿大文学和澳大利亚文学等;按文体可分为小说、散文和诗歌等等。对英语专业学生而言,如果写文学,首先应确定是英国文学还是美国文学,如是美国文学,那么再缩小范围,如美国20世纪文学,确定一个方面,研究某作家作品的人物性格还是语言特点,是研究其互文关系还是研究其作品的深层文化因素等,在绪论中,学生应以陈述研究的形式将讨论聚焦到研究的课题上。如:

a. The purpose of this study is to investigate one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon, i. E. a reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts. (摘自OPALS 2000)

b. The present study extends previous research in the following ways. Firstly…, Secondly…, Finally… (摘自OPALS 2000)

a将论述的焦点是one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon。而b从三个方面去extends previous research。

(3)文献回顾

任何研究都是基于一个已存在的大量的研究资料和研究成果之上。如书籍、学术期刊杂志、论文集、光盘,甚至于网络等,任何研究相同领域者都可利用相关的资料和成果,从而提出自己的观点和看法。如若缺乏对相关文献的研究,对绝大多数学生来说,就如同无源之水,无本之木。任何一门学科的知识都有一定的传承性和连续性。缺乏必要的学术背景知识,研究也很难令人信服。

在实际论文写作中,许多研究者都将文献回顾单列一章,即文献回顾不一定必须列入引言部分。对于英语专业本科生来说,我们建议将文献回顾置入引言部分。当然,文献回顾也可出现在讨论中,甚至在结论中,这就必须根据具体情况而定了。

那么,该如何进行文献回顾呢?有三种方法可供选择使用。

① 采用直接或间接引语的方法。引用前人或权威等的话语能大大增强文章的说服力,无论是直接引语还是间接引语。学生必须对本研究领域的相关信息和成果相当熟悉,才能很好地引用资料。对同一个课题的研究往往有不同的观点和看法,甚至相反的观点,学生引用时则必须经过慎重考虑并选择能支持自己论文中的观点的部分加以引用。一旦选定材料,则可直接或间接地将相关的内容、观点、思想等引用到自己的论文中。但记住,引用而不抄袭。引用应注明其出处。引用的目的是为了论述与自己研究课题的关系,也是为了论证自己的论点,所以,引用既要恰当,也要适度。一般说来,引文不能超过自己论文的三分之一,否则视为抄袭。英语专业本科生毕业论文一般在5000词左右,在这么短的论文中,引用时必须慎重考虑。请看以下例:

One of the criticisms of using parallel corpora, mentioned by Mauranen (1998) has been that ―translated language is different from original language‖ (p. 160). Mauranen (ibid) states that this is related to ―a search for translation universals, i.e. features that make translated texts special… we have grounds for hypothesizing such strategies as for instance simplification, explicitization,

英语专业毕业论文写作指导 42

overcompensation with target-like features, etc‖. (Quotation in the Introduction)

作者将第一句中的引语看作一种criticism,而第二句中的state乃是引述动词,用于带出引语。引述动词对于表达作者对该引语的评价有重要的意义。另外,如果引语较长,超过三行时,则应以缩排的形式独立成段。

② 采用解释的方法。解释就是用自己的语言对其他资料的内容进行重写。但解释应忠实和保留原意,不能修改或篡改。解释的方法很多,可用同义词、主动语态与被动语态互换、直接引语和间接引语互换转述原文的意思。解释前应反复研读和理解原文,再列出其提纲或要点。(举例略)

③ 对较长的引用段落进行概述。

概述是对较长引语进行缩写并引入论文的方法。概述前也应熟读和理解原文,最好还是列出提纲,引用原文的要点即可。

For generations, American have researched their pasts to discover who their ancestors were. In recent years, many more people have developed an avid interest in their genealogy and the cultural heritage of their ancestors. This interest was sparked for two reasons. First, American celebrated the bicentennial of the United States in 1976 and paid tribute to the country‘s history. Second, and more recently, the book Roots, which traces the family history of an American black man named Alex Haley back to Africa, was serialized on national television. As a result of these two events, a new pastime for thousands of Americans was created.

提纲:

A. American research into background 1. Ancestors

2. Cultural heritage B. Reasons for research 1. Bicentennial celebration 2. Roots 概述:

Recently, many Americans have become interested in researching their backgrounds in order to identify their ancestors and learn about their cultural heritage. This interest in genealogy began with the U. S. Bicentennial celebration and intensified with the televising of the family history of Alex Haley, a black American.

(4)讨论前人研究的不足

在引言中,应阐明你为什么要研究这一课题。通常的做法是,通过讨论前人在本领域的某个方面的不足,从而提出自己研究的目的。请看以下几例(见OPALS,2001):

a. One of the criticisms of using parallel texts... has been that ―translated language is different from original language‖. A research question which can be answered statistically then is ―Are translated texts simpler than comparable monolingual texts in the target language?‖

b. Research in the psycholinguistic tradition focuses mainly on task design and fails to see the importance of the interaction of learner factors and the setting. Furthermore, little research has been done on either the learner factor or the setting...

以上的a中,criticism指出了先前parallel texts研究的不足,再通过提问而引出新研究的课题;b中的fails和little research都指出先前的研究中的不足。

(5)提出新的研究方法

引言的最后一部分内容应简述你在研究课题中所使用的研究方法。虽然研究方法多种多样,研究情景因素各不相同,但开展研究的步骤却是相同的。对大多数英语专业本科毕业生

英语专业毕业论文写作指导 43

来说,写作毕业论文所采用的研究方法是大致相同。如果采用某种前人的研究方法,则应注明研究方法的出处。如:

This study is a replication of a study carried out in Singapore by one of the authors (Ghadessy 1988).

在以下的例子中,研究目的之后就是关于新的研究方法的讨论。

The purpose of this study is to investigate one of the consequences of the simplification phenomenon, i.e. a reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts. First, original texts in English and Chinese and their translation (parallel texts) will be compar3ed and then the respective translated texts in the two languages will be contrasted with other original texts in the two language (comparable texts) for simplification in lexical density.

绪论,无论长短,必须层次分明、逻辑严密、表述清晰。绪论是导入正文的准备部分,它为你的论证和论述提供了相关的信息和铺垫,应该说,绪论是整个论文不可或缺的一部分,在毕业论文整体信息的组织方面起着重要作用。学生撰写毕业论文时,不一定非按以上所讨论的绪论结构要素的顺序写作,但绪论也应基本包括这些要素,并根据写作的具体情况,按照一定的顺序将绪论部分组织成一个有机的整体。要更清楚地了解绪论的写法,建议毕业生多阅读一些已经发表的论文绪论,并学会归纳和总结其结构和语言特点。这必将对自己撰写毕业论文有一定的帮助和指导作用。

绪论中通常可用以下句型:

One of the most important aspects of ... It has been proved that ...

It was proved (reported) t hat ... Smith et al. (2000) reported that ...

Most of the experiments were carried out ... It has been long known that ... It is well documented that ... According to the ... theory, ...

2.毕业论文的本论(body)

1)研究方法论

毕业论文的摘要和引言介绍了论文的主题和相关的背景资料,本论是对毕业论文提出的论点(thesis)加以论证。进行个案研究,必须给出研究实例,实例应当是客观的、适用的、按照科学的方法选择的,并对选择的方法加以说明。分析讨论应层次清晰,可以针对前述个案,也可在不需要具体实例的情况下,对所提出的问题进行分析讨论。

本章就毕业论文的写作方法展开讨论,以给毕业生在写作毕业论文一些方法论的指导。在这部分中,学生应介绍自己的研究是遵循什么方法而展开的。任何研究都受到许多变量的影响,毕业论文或学术论文都必须涉及并讨论这些变量。方法通常包括:(1)材料;(2)设计;(3)分析;(4)步骤;(5)研究结果。 (1)材料

几乎在任何研究中,语料收集都是必不可少的。收集材料取决于调查的方法和写作的目的,语料可以是出版材料、问卷调查、测试结果、网上资料等。

We designed the T2K-SEAL Corpus to be relatively large ( 2.7 million words ) and to represent the academic registers that U. S. university students must listen to or read ( see Tale 3 ). (TESOL 2002: 19)

英语专业毕业论文写作指导 44

研究者使用了口头材料,如班级会议、课堂交流、实验室或课内分组活动、办公用语、学术研讨会以及服务接触等。

收集材料的方法也非常重要。在这部分中,学生也可是使用图表、表格等。介绍材料文字长短则应根据研究设计的需要而定。 (2)设计

阐明整个研究是如何设计的。定量研究的设计有一个需要检验的假设,而定性研究设计却没有。如:

① Using the terminology of Baker (1995:230), the hypotheses tested will be:

a. There is no significant difference between type 1 and type 2 samples in relation to lexical density. (parallel texts)

b. ...

② We designed the T2K-SEAL Corpus to be relatively large (2.7 million words) and to represent the academic registers that U. S. university students must listen to or read (see Tale 3). The register categories chosen for the corpus reflect the spoken and written activities associated with academic life, including... (TESOL 2002: 19)

例①的设计包括许多假设,而例②则是讨论原因并说明研究使用的语料库所涉及的语料类型。 (3)分析

分析应基于该研究领域的研究惯例,所以必须描述研究所使用的工具和他们的来源或分析的步骤性过程。如:

The analysis consisted of several steps intended to explore the scales and the scores they produced for the essays. We first analyzed the scale descriptors. The five scaling questions that each of the teams generated function as descriptors of differences among writing samples at different ability levels ...In the second part of the analysis ...The third part of the analysis consisted of ...

(4)步骤

步骤为以上提供一些附加信息。如下面这个例子(见OPALS 2001)就提供了更多的有关英汉语篇分析的具体信息。

All the content/lexical words in the English/Chinese texts were counted and the total for each text was divided by the number of ranking clauses (not embedded) in that text to get the lexical density of each text.

在本部分中,应使用恰当的动词短语,根据不同的时间,使用过去、最近过去和现在时态。如介绍过去的情况,则用过去时态,主动还是被动语态也应根据情况而定。如是评论或发表自己的看法,一般有采用现在时态。这部分尤其值得计划撰写语言学类和教学类论文的学生参考,它可提供一些方法上的指导,这对其论文撰写是非常有意义的。 (5)研究结果

毕业论文的研究结果为研究方法所描述的调查提供最终结果。调查结果通常以表格、图表、图解、清单等形式出现,并都配有文字加以描述和说明。图文互为补充、互为说明。切记,在毕业论文的调查研究结果中,一定要提供视图信息,并用文字加以说明,缺一不可。(举例——略)

毕业论文结果也可再细分为几节,分别由表格、图表等形式,或段落标题标示出来。建议学生多研读已发表的学术/研究论文,借鉴其格式和方法。结果部分的语言应清楚简洁,解释有理有据,令人信服。表格、图表和图解和其他视图与文字相得益彰。 2)论证

英语专业毕业论文写作指导 45

论证是毕业论文中最难的一部分,既要讨论研究发现的意义,又要阐明该领域已经存在的研究,自己的研究与前人的研究关系,阐明其观点、理论等,还要论证论文所提出论点等一系列问题。论证主要对研究的发现以及可能影响(或不影响)研究结果的因素进行解释,并论证自己在论文中提出的论点。如研究涉及多个因素或变量,则分节进行讨论。请读下面一节(Ghadessy and Gao,OPALS,2000):

Number of clauses

There are significant differences, indicated by * *, in English and Chinese texts in relation to a number of features. The main reason for the differences relate to the number of clauses in the nine English texts, a range of 32 to 75, as compared to the nine translations in Chinese, a range of 45 to 79. The average clause number in Chinese is 60.88 per text, in English it is 47.33. The crucial question is ―What happens to the English Clause when it is translated into Chinese?‖ A general answer is that in many cases the English clause is rendered into more than one clause in Chinese, each with its own Them. Let us see how this is done in a few examples from the two data sets. All Themes are underlined. The numbers preceding each example correspond to the number of text (given first) and the number of clause Them (given next). If the English Clause is rendered into more than one clause in Chinese, this is shown by the third number.

作者先陈述了两种语篇之间的significant differences,并解释了得到该发现的main reason;然后,详细讨论了小句的数量,提出问题,再作答,最后,作者举例对所给例子的格式和标记系统加以描述和解释,从而有力地支持了其结论。也可一开始就进行解释的,如:An explanation for ... is/may be ...;

还可阐明自己的研究结果证实或支持别人的观点,从而反证自己结果的正确性。如: The findings support an idiomatic view of language and confirm the observations of many linguists that the delexical chunk is a prominent feature in modern language use.

描述、阐明、比较、对比、论证、主张和解释等用来进行讨论。其内容可能会用到前面的使用的例子,也可用新的例子来证实或支持论文的观点。讨论部分具有多种功能,写作较难。动词的选用也是很重要的。如:report, show, characterize, suggest, use, intend, contradict, prevail, fo cus, enable, speculate, maintain, compare, claim, tend, represent等。讨论部分应将其他个部分相关信息加以综合对比,以论证或支持自己的论点。

在方法、论证等部分可参考使用一些英文句型,如: It has been shown that ... As we know, ...

As has been stated (proved) that ... It was proved (reported) that ... Hayman (1982) pointed out that ...

Two methods have been employed to estimate the ... Smith et al. (2000) reported that... Several experiments on ... Based on the results of...

...were (was) discussed and reviewed. In preliminary studies using...

The experiment on ...was carried by... In spite of the potential importance of... We hypothesize that under conditions of...

The following questions need to be answered: ...


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