The meeting starts at five 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，4 一般现在时表将来 可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
项 目 区 别 例 句 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened
现在完成时强调过D. happened 去动作对现在产生说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. 的影响或造成的结一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) 果 Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. o’clock. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you 31
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) 着重表示动作的结I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内果时，用现在完成容） 时 现在完成时与现在完成进着重表示动作一直行时的比较 在进行，即动作的A. painted B. had painted 延续性时，则用现C. have been painting D. have painted 在完成进行时 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. 现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。 — Hey, look where you are going! 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 32
Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 注意）。 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。 II. 动词的被动语态 常用被动语态 1 2 3 4 5 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 构 成 am/is/are done was/were done shall/will be done 6 7 8 9 10 常用被动语态 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 含有情态动词的 构 成 was/were being done have/has been done had been done will/would have been done can/must/may be done 过去将来时 should/would be done 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 33
注 意 事 项 被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.?被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。 常见动词有look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。 含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 34
下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七、非谓语动词 非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 现在分词 V-ing形式 动名词 不定式（to do） 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ 主语 表语 △ 宾语 宾语补足语 △ 定语 △ 状语 △ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分
generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；
to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果 非谓语动词的形式变化 构成 非谓语 形式 时态 一般式 进行式 不定式 完成式 完成 进行式 一般式 语态 主动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing doing 被动 to be done to have been done / / being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing for sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或 或never of sb. to do sth. 复合结构 否定式 动名词 完成式 having done having been done 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not 常见的非谓语动词形式
1.To do 表示将要发生的动作
2.To be done 表示将要发上的被动动作 3.To have done 表示已经完成的动作
4.To have been done 表示已经完成的被动动作
35