5.To be doing 表示正在发生的动作 6.Doing 表主动进行
7.Being done 表示正在发生的被动动作
8.Having done 表示done这个分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前
9.Having been done 表示been done 这个被动动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 10.V-ed过去分词表被动完成
在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。 一、谓语与非谓语的比较
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。
例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand 分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。
非谓语语法功能的比较
做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 意义基本相同 need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） 意义不同 try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） 只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 两者都可以 意义相反 mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着） be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 不定式 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 I asked to be sent to the countryside. ask, beg, expect, get, 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已order, tell, want, wish, 经完成 encourage 36
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 过去分词 I heard him call me several times. notice, see, watch, 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，I found her listening to the radio. hear, find, keep, have, 尚未完成 feel 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强We found the village greatly 调状态 changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 区 别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 例 句 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 注意： the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
八、情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词
I.情态动词基本用法 情态动用 法 否定式 疑问式 词 能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot can 允许或许可（口语中常/can’t do 用） Can…do…? could 可能性（表猜测，用于否couldn’t do 定句或疑问句中） May…do…? may 可以（问句中表示请求） may not do 可能，或许（表推测） might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might not do Might…do…? must have to 简答式 Yes,…can. No,…can’t. Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Yes,…might No,…might not. 必须，应该（表主观要求） Yes,…must. Must…do…? 肯定，想必（肯定句中表must not/mustn’t do No,…needn’t/don’t to. 推测） have don’t have to do Do…have do…? to Yes,…do. No,…don’t. Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Yes,…will. No,…won’t. 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化） ought 应当（表示义务责任，口to 语中多用should） 用于一三人称征求对方意见 shall 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该（表义务责任） should 本该（含有责备意味） will 意愿，决心，请求，建议，would 用在问句中would比较委Ought not Ought…to to/oughtn’t to do do…? shall not/shan’t do should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do Shall…do…? Should…do…? Will/Would…dowould not/wouldn’t …? 37
婉 dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） do dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Yes,…must. need need not/needn’t do Need…do…? No,…needn’t. Yes,…used. usednot/usedn’t/usUsed…to do…? used No,…use(d)n’t. 过去常常（现在已不再） en’t to do Did…use to to Yes,…did. didn’t use to do do…? No,…didn’t. II.情态动词的重点知识 A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not 表示能力的情态动词用can/could ①—Could I call you by your first name?
表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 表示—Yes, you______ 都可以，但在问句中用could…?或“能力、A.will B.could C.may D.might might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回许可”②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, 答一定要用can或may，以使回答口的canyou_____hurt yourself. 气明确（must表示一定，必须，和may A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。 C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t 在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out. A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A.must B.may C.can D.will 而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性： Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? 表示“推断、判断”的can may,must 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。 在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。 在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。 need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。 need dare If he dare come,I will kick him out. dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：I don’t know whether he dare say. dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条定句） 件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。 Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句） 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? shall 38
用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上should 的责任。 You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble. I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that again During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合） It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? He may not have finished the work. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. You must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film. 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。 Would you pass me the book? 表示意志、愿望和决心。 will/would would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 would表示估计或猜想。 could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。 cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。 can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。 might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。 情态动must+ have done：对过去发生的行词为肯定的推测。 +have 其否定式为：cannot have done。 done的用法 You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做注意：didn’t need to(have to)do： 的而实际上又做了。 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago. You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring should(ought to)+ have done：本来tape, 应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形for I worked to use it. 式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测） 虚拟语气 类 别 If引导的 条件从句 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 用 法 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do 例 句 If he were here, he would help us. 从句动词：had+done If I had been free,I would have 主句动词：visited you. should/would/could/might+have+done 39
与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. 省略if将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之的虚拟前，构成主谓倒装 条件句 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 混合虚拟条件句 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 but for+名词表示虚拟条件 without+名词表示虚拟条件 It would be only partly right to follow 句子或主句中的谓语in this way. 含蓄虚动词不定式表示虚拟条件 动词的形式视具体情如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 拟 况而定。这是考查考生条件句 Having known in time ,we might 应变能力的最佳试题。 have prevented the accident.要是及现在分词表示虚拟条件 时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 过去分词表示虚拟条件 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 40