连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件 He _____fatter but he eats too little . A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become ①与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was． ②与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. ③与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something. Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. He suggested that we not change our mind. I wish I could be a pop singer. I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. 其它 状语从句 as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气： 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时： It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。 in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 宾语从句 主语从句 在It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested It is strange that such a person that…等从句中， should be our friends. 谓语动词用should+do It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave. I would rather you stayed at home now. If only our dream had come true! 其它 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去句型中 完成式 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 九、句子的种类
按用途分 种 类 陈述句 类 型 肯定句 否定句 例 句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。 They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。 Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？ 一般疑问句 Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 疑问句 41
Who is the man? 这人是谁？ 特殊疑问句 When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？ Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶选择疑问句 水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。 Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。 They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们反意疑问句 要去机场，是吗？ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？ 祈使句 肯定句 否定句 Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。 Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。 What great changes we have had these years! what + 名词 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊! What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀! 感叹句 how + 形容词或副词 how +句子 a(an)+adj.+n 按结构分 种类 类型 主+谓 主+谓+宾 简单句 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 主+谓+宾+宾补 例句 They disappeared. 他们消失了。 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。 We help each other. 我们互相帮助。 I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。 They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。 They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。 I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。 主+系+表 She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。 He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。 42
How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀! How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！ How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀! 多好的孩子啊! How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but, 转并列折关系but,while（而，尽管） nevertheless(然Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 句 而；不过) 选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or 因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的复合句 从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
十、名词性从句
种类 主 连 语 词 从 句 连接例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is that在引导主语从句时不可省去 that certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 Whether there is life on the moon is an 主语从句中只能用whether不可用whether interesting question. if。 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 who What he wants to tell us is not clear. 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨what 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 43
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句） 状语从句 定语从句 （详细请看以下各节罗列的内容） 关联词 宾 语 从 句 表 语 从 句 代which Who will win the match is still unknown. 重，因此一般 词 whatever 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词连when writer. “it”来作形式主语。 接where 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 副why Where the English evening will be held 词 how has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是that在句中不担任任何成分，在口忠诚的。 语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但陈 We must never think(that) we are good 如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前述that in everything while others are good in 的that不可省。 意 nothing. 义 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用我想知道他来还是不来。 if代替。 Everything depends on whether we 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 疑have enough money. 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 问if 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 意whether I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 义 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 who, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我whom, 你需要什么？ which,wShe always thinks of how she can hose, work well. 特what, 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 殊when, She will give whoever needs help a 疑where, warm support. 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介问why, 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支词的宾语。 意how,who持。 义 ever, whatever, whichever We must make it clear that 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用itanyone who breaks the law will be 注1 作形式宾语，将从句后置。 punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引We don’t think you are right. 我们出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，认为你不对。 注2 移到主句中。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。 The problem is(that) they can’t get here 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 that 连early enough. whether 词 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 as if It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要 44
下雨。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 同 位 语 从 句 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要who 的。 what The question is who(which of you) will which be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 This is where our problem lies. 连when 这就是我们的问题所在。 接where That is why he didn’t come to the 副why meeting. 词 how 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具moon spread all over the world.他曾在体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, 月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 idea, hope, thought,question, I have no idea when he will come back order, fear, doubt, word, proof， 由连词that引home. belief, story等。 导，不担任成我不知道他什么时候回来。 分，也可有The thought came to him that Mary had when, how, probably fallen ill. where等引他想到可能玛丽生病了。 导。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 连接代词 特别注意what的双重功能：
①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”) ②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)
十一、状语从句
种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 45