摘 要
据统计，“十二五”期间，随着我国第一次婴儿潮出生的人口开始步入老年期，老龄化带来了一系列的诸如养老难等社会和经济问题。“未富先老”的基本国情虽然给社会造成了养老压力和劳动力数量剧减等负面影响，但老年人数量的增加也可以产生积极老龄化的正外部性效应，老龄化也可以创造“长寿红利”。随着生活水平的提高，老年消费群体对产品和服务的需求越来越大。据统计，目前全国老年人消费额达到3200亿元，已经形成一个庞大的、特殊的老年需求市场。如果我们顺势而行，充分利用老年人数量的优势，研究和开发与老年人相关的食品、医疗保健、旅游等产品和服务，促进老年人进行健康积极的消费。这样不仅能满足老年人的精神物质和文化需求，就能在一定程度上带动国内消费需求的不断增长，同时促进产业的发展和完善，从而带动国民经济的可持续发展。
从2000年正式进入老龄化社会到现在，我国老龄事业的发展已经走过十个年头，老年相关产业的发展出现了一些问题。如政府对老年相关产业的扶持力度不够，资金支持不足；企业对老年相关产业的投资意愿低，生产的产品和服务创新性不强；同时还包括老年人自身消费观念保守，不愿意进行适度消费，消费需求不旺等问题。老年相关产业发展现存的问题对老年人消费需求的扩大产生影响，从而不利于化解老龄化社会带来的社会经济压力。因此，如何应对人口老龄化趋势，发展老年相关产业促进老年消费的增长，对我国老年相关产业的发展及其对扩大老年消费需求进行理论和对策研究就显得尤为必要。
本文以中国统计局的行业标准分类方法为根据，选取了食品业、医疗保健业、旅游业这三个现阶段对我国老年消费需求影响最大的相关产业作为研究对象。通过整理国内外扩大老年消费需求的产业发展对策及其相关资料，对其中的一些观点进行了归纳和推理。本文通过综合分析，问卷调查和数据整理等方法，对老年消费群体的基本消费状况、消费特征、消费观念、消费重点等方面进行问卷调查，并进行访谈，以获取老年消费者消费状况、特征、观念等信息。本文从老年产业和老年消费需求相结合的角度，运用福利经济学、养老保险学、产业经济学和消费经济学等学科的经典理论，分析影响我国老年消费需求的主要相关产业发展的基本现状及存在的问题，结合获取的一手调查资料，挖掘出我国相关产业发展不能满足老年消费需求的原因，在借鉴国外发展老年相关产业经验的基础上，提出发展我国老年产业以扩大老年消费需求的对策。
关键词：老年消费需求 老年相关产业 影响
I
Abstract
According to statistics of \Five-year\national economic plan, the first time as China's population of baby boomers begin entering old age, a series of economic problems aging, such as pension and other social problems appears in the process of aging. Although the basic conditions \ from pension and the dramatic reduction of labor and other negative effects, but older people can increase the number of positive aging, the positive external effects of aging can also create a \research and development associated with the old food, health care, tourism, and other products and services, and promote healthy, active older people's consumption. This will not only meet their spiritual material and cultural needs, more driven to some extent, the growing demand for domestic consumption, while promoting the development of industry and improvement, thus boosting the sustainable development of the national economy. Officially entered the 2000 to the present aging society, the development of undertakings for the aged in China has gone through ten years, the elderly are related to consumer demand, the impact of industry lags behind, there have been some problems. Related industries such as government efforts to support the elderly is not enough, lack of financial support; business related industries in the elderly with low willingness to invest, produce innovative products and services is not strong; but also consumer attitudes, including the elderly themselves conservative, unwilling to moderate consumption consumer demand is not strong and other issues. Old existing problems related to industrial development for the elderly affect the expansion of consumer demand, which is not conducive to the aging of society to resolve the social and economic pressure is not conducive to the embodiment of the elderly population bonus. With the improvement of living standards, older consumers demand for products and services is growing. According to statistics, the national consumption amounted to 320 billion RMB the elderly, has become a huge, special needs of the elderly market. Therefore, it is very crucial to the studies on theories and solution of effect on the old consumption need and the development of relevant old industries, that how we deal with aging population trends and older industries in order to promote the growth of old age consumption.
In this paper, according to the industry standard classifications by Bureau of Statistics of China, three relevant industries which impact the consumption need of the old greatest, such as food industry, healthcare industry and tourism are chosen as the major research objects in the present paper. By finishing some parts of China to expand foreign and old age consumption of industrial development and related measures of information, some of the points of which are summarized and reasoning. Through comprehensive analysis, field surveys and data processing
II
statistics, consumer groups on the basic old age consumption status, the elderly consumer groups, consumer characteristics, consumer groups, consumer attitudes elderly, old age consumption of key consumer groups and other aspects of survey and interviews, to obtain the status of older consumer spending, features, concepts and other aspects of information to put forward to meet consumer demand in China's old industrial Development. From point of view of the combination of the old industries and consumer demand, full use of population Welfare, Pension Insurance, industry economics and consumer economics and other disciplines of the classical theory, application the influence of old age consumption industrial development is mainly related to the basic situation and problems, digging out the development of related industries in China can not meet the needs of older consumers. refer industries from abroad by the elder on the basis of experience, proposed the development of China's older industries to expand the older consumer demand response.
Key words: elderly consumer demand; aging-related industries; influence
III
目 录
摘 要 ............................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... II 1 绪论 ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 选题的背景及意义 ......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 选题背景 ............................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 研究意义 ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 国内外研究综述 ............................................................................................. 3
1.2.1 国内研究综述 ....................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 国外研究综述 ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 本文研究思路与研究框架 ............................................................................. 5 1.4 本文研究方法 ................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1 文献法 ................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 问卷调查法 ........................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 统计分析方法 ....................................................................................... 6 1.4.4 对比分析方法 ....................................................................................... 6
1.5 本文的创新之处 ............................................................................................. 6 1.6 本文研究涉及的主要产业及其依据 ............................................................. 7 2 与老年产业和老年消费需求研究相关的理论 ............................................... 9 2.1 年龄分层理论 ................................................................................................. 9 2.2 消费需求理论 ................................................................................................. 9 2.3 产业组织理论 ............................................................................................... 10 2.4 人口老龄化理论 ........................................................................................... 10 3影响老年消费需求的主要产业发展现状及存在的问题 ................................. 11 3.1 影响老年消费需求的食品产业发展现状及存在的问题 ........................... 11
3.1.1 食品产业的发展现状及存在的问题 ................................................. 11 3.1.2 食品质量安全方面的现状及存在的问题 ......................................... 12
iv
3.2 影响老年消费需求的医疗保健产业发展现状及存在的问题 ................... 13
3.2.1 医疗机构的发展现状及存在的问题 ................................................. 13 3.2.2 医疗服务护理人员的发展现状及存在的问题 ................................. 14 3.2.3 医疗药品和器械的发展现状及存在的问题 ..................................... 15
3.3 影响老年消费需求的旅游产业发展现状及存在的问题 ........................... 16
3.3.1 旅游产业基础设施的发展现状及存在的问题 ................................. 17 3.3.2 旅游产业服务的发展现状及存在的问题 ......................................... 17
4 老年消费需求问卷调查和访谈分析 ........................................................... 19 4.1 实证研究的设计 ........................................................................................... 19
4.1.1 调查研究的方法 ................................................................................. 19 4.1.2 调查样本的选取 ................................................................................. 19 4.1.3 调查研究的设计 ................................................................................. 19 4.1.4 调查研究的内容 ................................................................................. 20 4.1.5 调查问卷的回收和访谈记录的整理 ................................................. 21
4.2 调查问卷的分析 ........................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 调查问卷的信度和效度分析 ............................................................. 21 4.2.2 调查问卷的统计描述分析 ................................................................. 23 4.2.3 访谈的结果分析 ................................................................................. 30
4.3 调查问卷和访谈的结论 ............................................................................... 32 5 老年相关产业发展滞后的原因 ................................................................... 33 5.1 政府（监管者）方面的原因 ....................................................................... 33
5.1.1 资金支持力度不够 ............................................................................. 33 5.1.2 政府责任不明确 ................................................................................. 34 5.1.3 专业人才培养不够 ............................................................................. 34 5.1.4 竞争机制缺失 ..................................................................................... 35 5.1.5 相关基础设施不完善 ......................................................................... 36
5.2 企业（供给者）方面的原因 ....................................................................... 36
5.2.1 投资意愿低 ......................................................................................... 36 5.2.2 产品和服务与老年消费需求不相适应 ............................................. 37 5.2.3 产品和服务的创新能力不足 ............................................................. 37 5.2.4 消费层次区分不清晰 ......................................................................... 38
5.3 老年人（消费者）自身方面的原因 ........................................................... 38