4) 简洁有效，in order to do 等于不定式 to do，是表达目的的最好方式，常见一些错误的表达方式 如 because of doing sth, a result of doing sth。
(A) 正确，say 后跟两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句；in order to do sth 表达目的。 B: for doing sth 表达目的的方式错误；改变了原句完成时态。
(C) 介词 because of 后加名词表原因，改变了原句表达目的的意思；wanting to do 等于 to do，不简 洁。
(D) doing sth is a result of doing sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。 (E) that 引导的定语从句修饰对象错误，根据原句意思应该修饰 attitudes，但在 E 中错误地修饰
pollution；wanting to do sth is making sb do sth 的表达方式不简洁；wanting to do 等于 to do。
102. (29983-!-item-!-188;#058&004080)
Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to 35-millimeter film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.
(A) it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to
(B) it possible to have high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity almost like that with
(C) it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity nearly comparable to that of
(D) possible high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity almost like
(E) possible high-definition digital video cameras able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to that with
句子结构：Recent breakthrough… have made it possible for… to do… and to do…
主语是breakthrough，谓语是have made，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的不定式结构to capture and to project。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、简洁有效
1) 比较-比较对象对等，compare, like等词连接比较相同对象时，要由that或those指代，否则会使比 较对象不对等。
2) 句子结构-it作形式宾语，注意形式宾语的格式及用法，及物动词+it+宾语补语+不定式，动词有find, deem, make等（详见补充材料1）。
3) 逻辑表达-维持原句强调重心，注意原句使用形式宾语所强调的内容，在本句中make possible的 是cameras to capture material而不是have cameras，不能改变原句的合理重心。 4) 简洁有效，形容词作定语比that引导的定语从句更简洁。
(A) compare to的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(B) 第一个that引导定语从句修饰cameras，改变原句强调重心；第二个that的位置不正确，应该置于 almost like前面；介词with应为of，即that(fidelity) of 35-millimeter film。
(C) 正确，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式结构to capture material with a degree of fidelity； cameras的fidelity与35-millimeter film的fidelity比较。
(D) 缺少形式宾语it；like的比较对象成为fidelity与35-millimeter film，不对等。
(E) 缺少形式宾语it；宾语从句谓语不完整，应为bable to do；that nearly compares to从句修饰fidelity 不及形容词comparable作定语简洁。
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补充说明：
1、形式宾语（先行宾语），用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到句子后部去。三种用法： 1）代词不定式
He makes it a rule to give short speeches. 2）代表that引起的从句（that有时省略） They kept it quiet that he was dead. 3）代表连接代（副）词引起的从句
He soon made it clear why he had asked for a conference.
2、fidelity: noun. the quality of being accurate精确性，准确性
103. (30029-!-item-!-188;#058&004082)
Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to become an invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal Nature.
(A) because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to (B) because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to (C) being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will (D) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
(E) being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become
句子结构：Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become…, according to…
主语是 being genetically engineered，谓语是 does not make，宾语是 a plant，any more likely是形 容词作宾语补语。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、简洁有效
句子结构，完整的句子要有主语和谓语，并且只能有一个主句主语，本题是动名词作主语。 指代一致-单复数一致，注意未划线部分句子的名词或谓语动词单复数形式，要前后保持一致。
简洁有效，Likely 用法: sth be likely to do…, likely that…（由 it 作形式主语 it is likely that…）两种 用法都正确，但前者更简洁。
(A) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语；未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。
(B) because 引导原因状语从句，句子缺少主语。
(C) 未划线部分的 an invasive 应该由单数形式 a plant 来对应；Be more likely to do 更加简洁。 (D) 正确，动名词 being 作主语，谓语是 does not make。 (E) make 后缺少形式宾语 it，more likely to do 更加简洁。
补充说明： 1、主语表示法
主语可以用下面这些成分表示：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、词组、从句、名词化的其它词 类、动名词。
2、动词句型-五种基本句型
句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，英语的五种基本句型如下： 1）主语+不及物动词：S+Vi The little girl smiled.
2）主语+及物动词+宾语：S+Vt+O She knows English.
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3）主语+（双宾）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：S+Vt+Oi+Od He told us a story.
4）主语+系动词+表语（补语）：S+V+C She looked delighted.
5）主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语：S+V+O+C The news made us sad.
104. (30075-!-item-!-188;#058&004088)
In Britain, \ term when referring only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms (180 pounds).
(A) the United States uses the term when referring (B) the United States term refers
(C) in the United States the term refers
(D) in the United States they use the term as it refers (E) it is used in the United States when referring
句子结构：In Britain, ”pig” refers to…, but in the United States the term refers to…
并列句第一个句子的主语是pig，谓语是refers to，宾语是any member，第二个句子的主语是the term， 谓语是refers to，宾语是youngers swine，not yet ready for market是形容作后置定语，weighing less than 82 kilograms是现在分词作后置定语，都是用来修饰名词younger swine的。
考点：平行对称、指代一致、逻辑表达、句子结构
平行对称，but 连接两个并列（转折含义）句子，尽量在形式上能保持平行；留意未划线部分句子的
用词，避免与划线部分产生错误的平行结构，导致句子有歧义。 代词指代，句中的代词必须有合理明确的指代对象。
逻辑表达-维持原意，原句中的状语或定语不能随意互换，以保持原句意思。 句子结构，介词只跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，由连词连接句子。
(A) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
(B) the United States term改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是同一个term，在不同国家的含义。 (C) 正确，the term指”pig”。
(D) 复数代词they没有指代对象；use sth as中的as是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子。 (E) 表达不简洁，而且referring有与未划线部分weighing并列的嫌疑，产生歧义。
105. (30121-!-item-!-188;#058&004107)
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private. (A) by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep
(B) by its failure of honoring its promise to its customers to keep (C) in its failing to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
(D) because of its failure in honoring its promise to its customers in keeping (E) because of its failure to honor its promise to its customers of keeping
句子结构：Even though…, the state’ attorney general accused the bank of engaging in… by failing
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to…
主语是 attorney，谓语是 accused，宾语是 the bank，of engaging in…是介词短语作宾语补语。
考点：简洁有效、习惯用法
简洁有效，当 because of, by doing, because, due to, by + 名词等在选项句首，第一选择是 because
连词，其次是 by doing，因为动词比名词更能表达的意思更完整。 习惯用法，promise to do sth 或者 promise that…
(A) 正确，by doing to do 表示 engage in deceptive business practice 的方式；promise 的习惯用法 是 promise to do sth 或者 promise that…，而不是 promise of doing或 in doing sth。 (B) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(C) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。 (D) 名词 failure 不如动词 failing 简洁。
(E) its failing 是动名词不够简洁；promise of doing 的表达不正确。
106. (30167-!-item-!-188;#058&004112)
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each. (A) more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than
(B) more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far lighter than
(C) as a substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far less than
(D) as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of only 8.1 grams is far lighter than it is for
(E) as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than it is for
句子结构：Officials believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used as a substitute for… more than for… because it weighs…
主语是 officials，谓语是 believe，宾语是由 that 引导的宾语从句。
考点：比较、指代一致
比较，less/more + adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，介词不可省略；more… than 经常会出现 rather
than 作为混淆；如果比较结构中的 than 前面有多个名词，than 后面需要补充出介词以避免产生 歧义。
指代，单数代词 it 在句中指代出现过的名词，要注意逻辑意思是否合理。
(A) more… rather than 搭配错；its weitht 和后面 four quarters 比较对象不对等。 (B) more as… than the dollar，the dollar 和前面比较对象有歧义。 (C) 正确，介词短语 a substitute for… more than for…形式上并列。
(D) more than 后面省略介词 for 使句子产生歧义；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能 指代 its weight，因为原句是将 dollar 的 weight 和 for quarter 的 weight 进行比较，两个 weight 不同， 如果用 it 指代，则不符合逻辑。
(E) more… rather than 搭配错；it 没有指代对象，根据句意 it 应该指 weight，不能指代 its weight，
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原因同选项 D。
107. (30213-!-item-!-188;#058&004113)
Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placing more women in leadership positions in politics and business.
(A) Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing
(B) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place
(C) The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will ultimately place
(D) It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend ultimately placing
(E) It is expected for women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will ultimately place
句子结构：The majority of students… are expected to be woman, a trend that… 主语是 the majority，谓语是 are expected to，a trend that 是同位语从句。
考点：句子结构、指代一致、逻辑表达
句子结构-（概括性）同位语，a trend 概括前面描述的现象。
指代一致-which 指代，which 和同位语结构同时出现，表明应该用同位语结构，因为 which 不能指代 前面整个句子。
逻辑表达-修饰，分词和 that 从句修饰一个名词，要看从句是否有表达分词不能表达的逻辑含义，如
果是则选从句，反之选分词修饰更加简洁。
(A) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含 义。
(B) correct，用 that 定语从句修饰同位语 trend，清楚地表明了要发生的动作。 (C) which 不能指代前面整个句子。
(D) 同位语 a trend 的分词后置定语 placing，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是表达了一直发生的含
义；it is expected that…的表达不简洁。
(E) which 不能指代前面整个句子；it is expected for sb to…的表达不简洁。
补充说明：同位语 1、同位结构的特征
1）起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语； 2）必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；
3）位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；
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4）不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）； 5）同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。 2、同位结构的形式 1）名词性同位语：名词解释名词。N., n.; n., a/an + n.或 a/an + n., n.; the + n., n.（前面的 the + n 为同位结构）
2）内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that 从句对抽象
名词进行具体化解释（注意与 of 结构的区别）
3）概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，a program/information/an
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