new subjects for thought 新的思维对象 must：必然要，必定会
as they have in the past：就像过去曾经出现过一样。 giving rise to 给出，产生，带来 new standards of elegance 完美的新标准
翻译：新的思维方式和新的思维内容将拉一定会出现，正如他们过去已经出现过一样，从而给完美以新的标准。或：像过去一样，将来一定会出现新的思维方式和新的思维内容，从而给完美以新的标准。 5、原因状语从句 前因后果或前果后因 2006年Text 3
The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 结构：
表语从句：that people have failed to detect the massive changes 定语从句：which have happened in the ocean
原因状语从句：because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 单词：
Notion ：概念，观念，想法
Detect ：察觉，发觉，侦查，探测 detective: 侦探 Look back：回顾，倒退，追忆
参考译文：其中的观点是：人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化，原因是他们过去一直考察的时间只是过去的一个相对较短的时间段。
0462多重复合句(62) We are obliged to them （because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
参考译文：我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为从此以后，这些（土著）语言中(的一部分/有一些)（消失/已经不复存在）了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了（自己/本族）的语言。
0262复合句62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and
partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目)
other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
have been slow to change （一直）发展缓慢。 change 改变——发展。
the explanatory items： 用以解释的依据、要素（内容，项目）＝ explanations，对行为的解释。 item 内容，项目——依据、要素
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
6、结果状语从句
0463复合句(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
——newly＋过去分词
newly bought sunglasses 新买的太阳镜 a newly built subway 新建的地铁 a newly arrived guest 新到的客人 a newly married couple 新婚夫妇 a newly born child 新生婴儿 Strikingly：突出地，显著地。 Fabricating：捏造，伪造，编制
参考译文：这些新近被描述的语言与欧洲和东南亚那些已经得到很好研究的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir捏造了数据。
0175复合句75) 主句And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
home appliances 家用电器 smart 聪明，智能化
Shanghainese are too clever to be smart. 上海人精明但是不聪明。 them：指代home appliances，译作“它们”。 result in：导致，出现
the breakout of / a new psychological disorder： psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调) kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症
rage：furious intensity, as of a storm or disease 狂暴，猖獗猛烈的力度，用于风暴或疾病
翻译：家用电器将会变得如此智能，以致于控制和操作他们将会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
十三、代词的翻译
1. 句子内部指代的翻译
当代词与其所指代的对象在同一划线句中时，一般来可以将代词译为相对应的代词。但是如果前面出现多个名词，而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代，句中的代词也比较多时，则最好将代词翻译成相对应的名词。
0465复合句(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
参考译文：Whorf/沃尔夫（逐渐接受/进而相信）某种（类似）语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，（而）语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
01 71) 复合句71) 主句There // will be // 并列结构1 television chat shows / 后置定语hosted by robots, // 并列结构2 and cars / 后置定语 with pollution monitors // 定语从句that // will disable // them // 时间（条件）状语从句when // they // offend.
there will be 将来会有，到时会有（注意时态的表达）。
television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话/聊天/讨论/表演节目.
chat shows：访谈节目
host：to act as host at (an event) or to (a person) 主持、主办（活动）；招待（某人）
a host country 东道国 guest team 客队 host team 主队
hostile (a.) 敌对的, 敌方的 (n.) 敌对
hospitality (n.) 好客, 宜人, 盛情
cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车 that will disable them：监控器就会使其（汽车）停驶 that：监视器。＝ monitor。
disable them 使汽车失灵/停止运行/无法前进/不能开动/瘫痪/将阻止汽车开动
them：指代汽车
offend 多义词(汽车)污染超标/违规
译 文： 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽
车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
01 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:” It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. 词义推敲：
that 代词作主语，指代上文a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。 the start of man-machine integration 人机一体化的开始 ＝ computer-human links
integrate：结合，一体化
it：指代“breakthrough”，可以译作“这个突破”或者“它”。
the beginning of the long process of integration：人机一体化漫长之路的开端
ultimately：最终
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人 before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
译 文： 但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：\它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。\
2. 句外指代的翻译
A．对于指代具体某个或几个名词的词，一定要搞清楚他指代的内容，译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达，哪怕是罗嗦一点也一定要多用名词，只有在明显清楚或者找不到合适的名词才用代词。
02 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 词义推敲：
They：指代“freedom and dignity”，译作“自由与尊严”
autonomous (self-governing)：自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的。 an autonomous region 自治地区
possession：wealth or property 财富，财产。 be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的 practices 实践活动
credit：赞同，赞扬对某一行为、能力或质量的赞同；赞扬
译 文： 自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
B． 若是代词指代的内容为前面的某个句子，需要总结，则在翻译的时候可以以模糊对模糊，根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这个问题，这种做法?”
0548复合句48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
参考译文：仅这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。
十四、宾语从句的翻译方法
1． 2． 3．
宾语从句在句中相当于名词的作用，称之为名词性从句。 引导词“that”不需翻译。
宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。
2006年Text 4
Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
结构：宾语从句 ：artists are weird and….
定语从句：that feel bad.
参考译文：许多事情让人们以为艺术家是怪人，而最为怪异的也许是艺术家的唯