目录
1.简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态………………………………………………….2-----6 2.用作主语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 6-----7 3.用作表语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 7-----8 4.用作定语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 8-----9 5.用作宾语补足语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………. 10-----13 6.用作宾语的非谓语动词形式………………………………………………… 13-----17 7.用作状语的非谓语动词…………………………………………………. 17-----23 8.动名词主动表被动的三种类型……………………………………………… 23-----23 9.谈谈动名词的逻辑主语问题……………………………………………… 24-----26 10.有关非谓语动词的重要考点…………………………………………………26-----29 11.复合结构……………………………………………………………… 29-----31 12.非谓语动词的否定式应注意的三点……………………………………… 31-----32 13.独立主格用法详解………………………………………………………………. 32-----38 14.不定式省略to的10种情况…………………………………………………………. 33-----41 15.巧借并列连词破解非谓语动词陷阱题……………………………………………. 42-----44 16.做好非谓语动词考题的两大法宝……………………………………………44------46 17.学好分词逻辑主语的四个关键点………………………………………………. 47-----50 18.含有…in doing sth的常用句式…………………………………………………50-----52 19.“疑问词+不定式”结构……………………………………………………………. 52-----53
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一.简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态
不定式 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 主动 To do To be doing To have done To have been doing 被动 To be done 现在分词 主动 一般式 进行式 having done doing 被动 being done 无进行式 having done been to have 完成式 been done / 一、非谓语动词的时态
如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,就用不定式的一般式; He told me to clean the blackboard. 他叫我擦黑板。谓语动词的动作之后发生
如果与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行,①用现在分词的一般式(现在分词的一般式是正在进行的动作)或②不定式的进行式(与谓语动作同时发生并强调正在进行的情景或持续性) He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。
When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我进来时,他假装在看书。同时进行 He sat there, playing games. 他坐在那里玩游戏。 同时进行
如果在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式
He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英国读过书。在谓语动词的动作之前 Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 在谓语动词的动作之前 I’m sorry for having kept her waiting. 对不起让你久等了。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
一点易错提醒 现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语。
误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?
误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生): 分类比较:
1. 不定式一般式的三种用法
①表示将来 即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作 We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。
He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。 We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。
②表示同时 表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作。 He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。 ③表示过去 表示略先于谓语动作的动作。
I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry) Helen was pleased to see him. 海伦见到他很高兴。
I’m happy to meet you at last. 我很高兴我终于碰到了你。
I’m glad to see you looking so happy. 我很高兴看到你显得这样快活。
注意: 现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,
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现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。而且现在分词的完成式在句中多作时间状语和原因状语
Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。没有时间间隔
Having invited him here to speak,we’d better go to his lecture. 有一定的时间间隔 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。 作时间状语
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 有一定的时间间隔。 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式:
Having bought our tickets,we went into the theatre. (强调分词动作的完成性) 我们买好票后就走进剧场。。
Not having finished his work,he could not leave the office 作原因状语 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室
动名词的一般式和完成式都可表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作,有时两者可互换(用一般式往往显得更简洁):
I remember seeing [having seen] her somewhere. 我记得在什么地方见过她。
Excuse me for not answering [having answered] your letter earlier请原谅我没有早点给你回信 有些不强调动作先后关系或句子本身已表明了先后关系的场合,通常用动名词的一般式: Thank you for telling me the news. 谢谢你告诉我这消息。
He has worked hard since leaving school. 自从离开学校以来他工作一直很努力。 2. 不定式进行式的两种用法
①表示同时 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。 He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。
It’s nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在这儿真好。
②表示将来正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。 He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。 The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。
动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以①与谓语动作同时,②也可在谓语动作之前或③之后, (4)有时可能没有明确的先后关系:
①与谓语动作同时发生 He kept smiling. 他不停地笑。
Everyone is practising speaking English. 大家都在练习说英语。
We had a good time in dancing with them. 我们同他们跳舞玩得很开心。 ②发生在谓语动作之后 通常与相关动词或介词等的含义有关。
如表示“建议”的动词advise, suggest表示“推迟”的动词delay, put off表示“考虑”的动词consider等等,由于动词本身词义的原因,作宾语的动名词表示的动作通常都发生在谓语动作后 He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。“建议” He advised leaving early. 他建议早点离开。
He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。 Would you mind opening the window? 可否劳驾把窗户打开? She is considering changing her job. 她在考虑换个工作。
③发生在谓语动作之前 通常也与相关动词或介词等的含义有关。
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如动词forget(忘记),regret(后悔),remember(记住),stop(停止),finish(完成),admit(承认)等,它们后接动名词作宾语时,动名词所表示的动作通常都发生在谓动作之前。 Suddenly everybody stopped talking. 突然大家都停止谈话了。 I remember mailing the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。
I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管她对我们不友好,我对帮助他还是不后悔
-ing分词若在介词before, after之后,动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。 I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。
After reading your letter I knew what had happened. 看了你的信后我就知道出什么事了。 (4)没有明确的先后关系 Teaching is learning. 教学相长。 The film is worth seeing a second time. 这部电影值得再看一次。 Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学会一门外语是不容易的。 3.不定式完成式的用法
(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。 I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信这是一个错误。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。 It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的。 (2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作:
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。 (3) 不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的打算或愿望。 I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then.我本打算来看你的可我当时太忙了 I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本来打算上星期就开始工作的,可我患了重感冒。
完成进行时:主动式to have been doing 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生,且不定式的动作到谓语动词动作发生时刚刚结束或还将继续进行。
动名词完成式的用法 动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态: He apologized for having broken his promise. 他因没遵守诺言表示道歉。 He forgot having promised to write her. 他忘了曾答应给她写信。
I have no idea of their having done such a thing. 我不知道他们做过那样的事。 二、非谓语动词的语态
当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系,用主动式;是被动关系,用被动式。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天举行的会议非常重要。
The house being built there will be our new library. 那边在建的房子将是我们的新图书馆。 Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 已经要求我留下来,所以我就不好离开了 He didn’t mind being left at home. 把他留在家里他并不介意。 Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。
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1.现在分词被动式的用法
被动语态的ing分词的一般式表示一个正在进行的被动动作在句中做定于或状语 Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作:
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词):
Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。
2. 不定式的完现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作: The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。 It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的
比较:Being so ill, she can’t go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。
Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。
3. 过去分词用法说明 过去分词表示的动作,往往是已经完成的。且本身具有被动意义,所以过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式和没有被动形式。
过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别 主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同 但有时它们也可表示相同的意思:
Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少 有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别:
Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。 Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室,我们就离开了。(有一种急促感) 过去分词用法 (1) 表示已经发生的动作:
Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭,他上不起学。
Built in 1501,the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年,已有五百多年的历史。 (2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念:
He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。
The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。 【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。 (3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作:
Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来,他一言不发。
He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。 (4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态:
The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来,双手被绑在后面。 3. -ing分词的一些惯用法
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