For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake. 你要是去问乔，那将是一大错误。
For Ann to go to France would make me very happy. 安要是到法国去将使我感到很高兴。 二、用作表语。如：
It is for you to decide. 该由你来决定。
His idea is for us to travel in separate cars. 他的意思是我们不要同乘一辆汽车。
There’s a plan for Jack to spend a year in Japan. 有一个计划是让杰克在日本呆上一年。 三、用作宾语。如：
She hates for people to feel sad. 她不愿看到人们忧心忡忡。
I thought it strange for her to be out so late. 她这么晚还不回来，我觉得有些奇怪。 I would like for you to stay as long as you want. 我希望你留下来，想留多久就留多久。 四、用作定语。如：
It’s time for everybody to go to bed. 是大家睡觉的时候了。
He raised his arm as a signal for us to stop. 他抬起手臂示意我们停下。 五、用作状语。如：
We were all shouting for him to shoot. 我们都喊着要他射门。（表目的） This is much too heavy for you to lift. 这东西太重，你拿不起来。（表结果） How would it do for me to write to him? 我来给他写信如何?（表条件）
非谓语动词的否定式应注意的三点
1.一般说来，非谓语动词的否定式只能在非谓词动词之前加否定词; 不定式的否定式的构成
通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式Be careful not to break anything. 当心别打破什么了。
You were silly not to have locked your car. 你没锁车太傻了。
Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。 The patient was warned __________ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
此题应选C。主要考查在非谓语动词的否定式中，否定词的位置。 动名词一般式的否定式是将直接否定词not置于动名词之前。如：
Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life. 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。
2.若非谓语动词包括几个词(如是完成式、被动式等)，则只能在非谓语动词的第一个词前加否定词;
She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like. 我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样。 He doesn’t like not being taken seriously. 他不喜欢被人不严肃对待。
3. so asto，in order to 等结构的否定式，not只能放在不定式符号to之前。 He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。 We keep the window shut in order not to let the flies in. 我们把窗子关着以免苍蝇进来。 4.动名词带逻辑主语时的的否定式,则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。如： I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。
I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。
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The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
can’t help doing还是can’t help to do
现在分词的否定式分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：
Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英语，他不知道他们要什么。
Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。 请看这样一道题：
She can’t help _________ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
【分析】此题容易误选B，简单地套用 can’t help doing sth 这一结构。其实此题应选A，注意以下两个结构均可用，只是含义不同：can’t help doing sth=禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事；can’t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法，一般辞书均作为固定搭配列出来，许多老师对此也比较强调，从而也就引起了同学们的足够重视，并因此形成了思维定势；而后者为 help 表示“帮助”时的本义用法，因同学们平时对此没引起注意，一看到上面的试题就马上联想到 can’t help doing sth 这一结构，从而误选了B。请看下面一例：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 此题应选 C（注意根据句意要用被动形式）。1. She pretended _________ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen
2. Tom kept quiet about the accident __________ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
3. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _________ afterdrinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
4. _________ a reply，he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案：1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C
独立主格用法详解
一。 分词独立主格结构的理解技巧 (独立主格怎样变来的)
在英语中，分词用作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。 他生病了，我们把他送到了医院。
误：Being ill, we took him to the hospital. 由于我们生病了，所以我们把他送到了医院
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句中的“误”句之所以有误，该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的. 因为自己生病，还要把别人送到医院，够荒唐的吧！
正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us. 因为他生病了，所以他被我们送到了医院。 上面一句也可改写为：He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 这类结构为独立主格结构 首先，句子只有一个主谓结构，所以它是简单句。不是复合句，也不是并列句， 其次，句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语， 这个句子不能改为：He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来，它就成了两个句子，但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式，所以就错了！
为什么呢?因为它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。而英语句子从结构上看，只有三种类型，即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构)，要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词)，要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子类型。 如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的 正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital. 正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.
正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital. 正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.
正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.
二、 独立主格结构是 一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等，在句中作状语。 1．独立主格结构的三个特点
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 2．非谓语动词在独立主格结构中的用法。
（1）. 表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作，通常用不定式。常位于句首或句末。宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, I have no time to have a rest. 由于有许多问题要处理，我没时间休息。
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。(表伴随)
With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out. 有这么多工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。 1. —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work _________ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _________, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 以上两题答案分别为B和A，
（2）. 若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行； She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
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The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“with+宾语+非谓语动词”中的“现在分词”也可表示将来意义。如：
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天就要到了，该买暖和衣裳了 注意：独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。可用完成时， Cf. The bell ringing,we all stopped walking.
The work having been finished,she sat down and have a rest. 独立主格结构中的Being,或having been常省略。 The meeting being over,all left the room
（3.）用过去分词若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成
This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况) 3． 独立主格的结构形式有两类：
一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：with的复合结构。独立主格结构其前加上介词 with / without 一类. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作
A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succee 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。
①其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 ②有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 ③名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。过去分词通常表示被动意义
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
④名词 / 代词 + 形容词。
The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
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⑤名词 / 代词 + 副词。形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。 The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。
⑥名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态
这类独立主格结构中，其中的介词in，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 ⑦There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 ⑧It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
英语中由“with (without)+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合结构也可视为一种独立主格结构，其中的“宾语”通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格而不能用主格 1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。 3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。 4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词
Don’t brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。（作原因状语）
5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。（作原因状语） With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried.这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急 6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 三、独立主格结构的功能
表示谓语动词发生的⑴时间、⑵原因、⑶条件（相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末）
⑴The work done(=After the work had been done 去掉助动词) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。（作时间状语）
The listeners having taken（完成时having+PP） their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了（作时间状语）。
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