She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里，被告知他们度
(1) He glanced over at her, ______ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 答案选A 【分析】，此句也可换成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
(2) Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching 【分析】答案选B，此句也可换成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.
八．表示目的，通常要用不定式。
作目的状语的-ing分词一般是表示所从事的活动方面的动词，
如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等
I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟妈妈买东西。
不定式作目的状语的三个特点
一、句意上的特点 其句意特点很明显，通常在译成中文时可用“为了”来表示。
To save class time, our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. 为了节约课堂时间，我们的老师要求我们学生在课堂上做一半练习，剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。
有时即使没有直接翻译出“为了”，但其中包含了类似意思，如“目的是”“目的是为了”等。 Doctors worked through the night to save the life of the injured man. 医生彻夜工作以拯救伤者的生命。(以拯救伤者的生命=目的是为了拯救伤者的生命)
二、结构上的特点：一，是在句首，属于强调性用法，强调动词的目的。二，是在句末。 在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开；而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。比较： To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis. 为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。 I have done a comparative analysis to illustrate my point. 我做了对比分析来说明我的观点。 有时为了特别强调目的状语，可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as，即构成in order to do sth和so as to do sth结构。但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能在句末
I’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码写下来以免忘记 In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday. —He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房，昨天他买来了木料和钢材。
三、语法上的特点 不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作，也就是说，若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准，用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。
He turned his head around to look at people. 他扭头看人。 谓语动作“扭头”在先，目的状语“看人”在后。若以“扭头”发生的时间为标准，“看人”为尚未发生的将来动作。
在不定式用作目的状语的考题中还要注意它的语态，即要根据不定式与逻辑主语的关系正确选用合适的语态。
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1. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ____ for a space flight. (江西卷) A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained
【解析】答案选D。由于“他”与“训练”之间为被动关系，故可排除A和C。另外，由于被训练进行航空飞行是他被派往那儿的目的，所以宜用不定式，故选D。
2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _________. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
【解析】答案选A。根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，因此可排除B和C。另外，根据句意，“设法被听见”是目的，所以要用不定式表示，故选A。 【两点注意】
1. 不定式作目的状语可以置于句首，并且当需要强调时，通常会置于句首。但是，同学们在做题时千万不要以为位于句首的不定式就一定是目的状语。 To cooperate with others is important. 同他人合作很重要。（做主语）
To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事；掌握英语完全是另一回事。（做主语）
To order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit. 订购一辆汽车，你必须交付押金。 条件状语=If you want to order a vehicle
To look at him you’d never think he was a successful businessman. 若看他的外貌，谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。条件状语=If you looked at him 用的是虚拟语气。
2. 有人认为回答why的提问时，一定要用不定式，而不能用其他形式的非谓语动词。这种观点很不全面，可能会起误导作用，如下面这个句子了不定式来回答why的提问：
“Why did you go this way?” “To save time.” “你为什么走了这条路?”“为了节省时间。” 句中的To save time可视为Because I wanted to save time之省略。 但是，下面这个句子却用了动词的-ing形式：
“Why does he look so sad?” “Having lost his wallet.” “他看上去为什么如此伤心？”“他把钱包给丢了。”=Because he has lost his wallet
注意：一般来说，不论是动词不定式作状语、-ing分词做状语，还是动词的过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是，有一些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。如：
(1) exactly / honestly / frankly / generally speaking, 准确地说不过去/ 老实地说 / 坦率地说 / 一般说来。
Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning. 准确地说，今天早晨他是十八点十四分来到这里的。
Generally speaking, a snake won’t attack a man unless it is bothered. 一般说来，蛇是不会攻击人的除非你冒犯了它。
(2) judging from / by... 从 / 根据某东西判断
Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音来判断，他是湖南人。
Judging from what he said, he is very honest. 从他所说的话来判断，它是很诚实的。 (3) providing / provided …假如 / 如果
Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 要是他按我们的建议去做，我们就能帮助他。 Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 如果他有空，他肯定会来。 (4) considering... 考虑到
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Considering he was just a little boy, we didn’t punish him. 考虑到他还只是一个小孩，我们就没有惩罚他了。
Considering it was late, we didn’t discuss the question. 考虑到时间不早了，我们就没有讨论这个问题了。
(5) thinking of... 想到 / 考虑到
Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can’t be thrown away around directly. 考虑到我们所生存的环境，废物不能直接到处乱扔。 (6) talking of... 谈到 / 说到
Talking of math, he became excited. 谈到数学，他就兴奋起来了。
此外，还有短语：taking...into consideration 把某事考虑进去；calculating roughly, 粗略地计算；supposing... 假定；to tell you the truth 实话告诉你；to be frank 坦白地说；to begin with 首先要做的是；so to speak 可以这么说；taken as a whole 从整体上来看；put frankly, 坦率地说；given that 鉴于等
动名词主动表被动的三种类型
在某些特殊结构中，动名词可以用主动形式表示被动意义，这主要见于以下几种情况：
一、“需要”型 在need, want, require几个表示“需要”的动词后，英语习惯上用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如果改用不定式，则要用被动式
He needs encouraging. 他需要鼓励。 =He needs to be encouraged. Your hair wants cutting. 你需要理发了。=Your hair wants to be cut.
The front gate requires mending. 前门需要修理。=The front gate requires to be mended. The outside of the house needs painting [to be painted] . 这房子外面需要油漆了。 The machine requires repairing [to be repaired]. 这机器需要修理了。
二、“值得”型 (be) worth, deserve, merit——它们后面跟的动名词习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义，不能直接使用被动式。be worth 和 merit 后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式；如： The film is worth seeing twice. 这个片子值得看两遍。 This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。 None of it is worth keeping. 这东西一点儿也不值得保存。 The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。 They merit praising. 他们值得表扬
而 deserve 后则通常是接不定式的。只有当它后面所接动词具有被动意义时才可用动名词，且要用主动形式表示被动意义若改成不定式，则要用被动形式。
我认为他的文章不值一读。I don’t think his article deserves reading.=I don’t think his article deserves to be read.
They deserved to be congratulated. 他们值得祝贺。
She deserved to win because she was the best. 她有资格获胜，因为她是最优秀的。
三、“超越”型 这类介词主要有 past, beyond 等，它们均表示“超越”“在……之外”，它们后接动名词通常用主动形式表示被意义。如：He is past saving. 他已无法挽救了。 The pain was almost past bearing. 疼得简直受不了啦。 The problem is past understanding. 这个问题无法理解。
Such hardships are beyond bearing. 这样的苦是不堪忍受的。
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谈谈动名词的逻辑主语问题
怎样使用动名词的逻辑主语 一、动名词的基本用法
动名词的逻辑主语原则上是在动名词前用物主代词或名词所有格： His coming late made the teacher angry. 他迟到使老师生气了。 Would you mind my opening the door? 我打开窗户你介意吗？ Please excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。 They’re looking forward to Mary’s coming. 他们盼望玛丽来。 二、动名词否定式的用法问题
若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。
I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。 I never dreamt of its hurting you. 我没想它会伤你的心。
I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。 The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。 三、动名词的逻辑主语格问题
口语中通常用宾格代词或名词普通格用于动名词作逻辑主语： We’re all looking forward to your [you] coming. 我们都盼望你来。
Can you imagine Jim [Jim’s] saying such a thing? 你能想像吉姆说出这样的话吗？ 四、动名词位于句首时的情形
当位于句首时，通常要用名词所有格或物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语： Mary’s going there is of no help. 玛丽去那儿没什么帮助。
【注】用于句首的作主语的动名词，移至句末而在句首使用形式主语it，其逻辑主语也通常用物主代词：
It’s a waste of time your talking to him. 你和他谈是浪费时间。
It’s doesn’t make much difference my being there. 我在不在那儿没有什么影响。 五、当逻辑主语没有生命时
当动名词的逻辑主语是没有生命的东西时，通常不用物主代词或名词所有格： I look forward to it getting warmer in spring. 我盼望春天天气变暖。 怎样找出分词的逻辑主语 一、什么是分词的逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语：
I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”： I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing
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的逻辑宾语)
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语) 二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点
分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。请看下例： (1) Finding her car stolen, ______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help
此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。
在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如： (2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though to be told C. Having told D. He was told
根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同： (3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told
此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。 三、分词逻辑主语的特例
一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况： (1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致：
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。 Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。 Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。
Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。 (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致： Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。 Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
(3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题：
Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)
Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)
(4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题： In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)
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