四、分词的独立主格结构 在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如：
误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。 解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构： The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。 He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。 以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。
五．悬垂分词
请看看这道题：__________ the road，a car knocked him down. A. Crossing B. Crossed C. When he was crossing D. To cross 此题应选C。其余均可能被误选。分析如下：
选项B不对，因为它是过去分词，其后不应有宾语。
选项A，D不对，因为该非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致——构成悬垂分词。
一般说来，作状语用的非谓语动词的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致，否则便是错句。比较： 为了通过考试，(他)每分钟都用来学习。
误：To pass the exam，every minute was spent in studying. 正：To pass the exam，he spent every minute in studying. 信读了第二次之后，意思就更清楚了。
误：Reading the letter a second time，the meaning became clearer. 正：Being read a second time，the letter became clearer in meaning. 狗叫得厉害，所以我把它放了出去。 误：Barking madly，I led the dog out. 正：Barking madly，the dog was let out.
但是，在有些特殊的结构(只有少数固定结构)中，非谓语动词可以没有逻辑主语： Judging from [by] what he said，he was a cheat. 从他说的话来看，他就是个骗子。
有关非谓语动词的重要考点
一、考查不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别
从时间关系上看， 不定式表未来， 现在分词表进行， 过去分词表完成，
同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成 (尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成)； 从主动与被动来看，不定式和现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，
同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表未来，现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)。
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. (湖南卷)
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed选 C。动词不定式表示未来的动作。 2. _________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals
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not found in any other country in the world. (湖北卷)
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
选 C。因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。 二、考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式 非谓语动词与相应逻辑主语的关系，若为主动关系，用主动式；若为被动关系，用被动式。特别注意，过去分词没有相应的被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动。
1. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well_________. (湖北卷) A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending 【分析】答案选B。因money与spend是被动关系，所以用过去分词。
2. The prize of the game show is＄30000 and an all expenses ___ vacation to China. (北京卷) A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid
【分析】答案选B。因all expenses与pay是被动关系，故用过去分词。注意句中的an 不是修饰 expenses，而是修饰vacation。
3. When _________help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.” (福建卷) A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
【分析】答案选 D。因一个人说“谢谢”，应当是他被提供了帮助，所以要用过去分词，When offered help… =When he is offered help… 三、考查非谓语动词完成式的用法
非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和现在分词)的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。做题时要注意根据题干所提供的语境来推断这种先后关系。
1. The storm left, _________a lot of damage to this area. (全国卷I)
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
【分析】选D。因The storm与cause是主动关系，排除选项A；不定式作状语，前面通常不用逗号，排除B和C；因暴风雨给这个地区“造成损失”是在“结束”之前，所以用完成式。 2. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (上海卷) A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
【分析】答案选 A。因people与take advantage of是主动关系，排除选项B和D；take不会发生在谓语are signing up之前，不用完成式，排除C。 四、考查非谓语动词用作伴随状语
在通常情况下，表伴随情况的应用现在分词。如：
1. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _________away. (全国卷III) A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 【分析】答案选B。现在分词作伴随状语。
2. He glanced over at her, ____ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (广东卷) A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 【分析】答案选 A。因为he与note是主谓关系，且note与谓语动词glanced的动作同时发生，所以用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。
3. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____fun. (重庆卷) A. had B. have C. to have D. having
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【分析】答案选 D。用现在分词表伴随情况。
说明：有时过去分词也可表伴随(注意过去分词同时还表被动关系)，但高考很少考查此用法。 He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。 五、考查非谓语动词用作目的状语
在通常情况下，用作目的状语只能是不定式。
1. “Can the project be finished as planned?” “Sure, ______it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day.” (福建卷) A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get 【分析】答案选 B。作目的状语只能用动词不定式。
2. _________ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. (浙江卷) A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out 【分析】答案选 A。作目的状语要用动词不定式。
3. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______a look at the sports stars. (上海卷) A. had B. having C. to have D. have
【分析】答案选 C。“看看体育明星”是“在体育馆外等三个小时”的目的，作目的状语只能用动词不定式。
六、考查非谓语动词用作结果状语
1. 用现在分词表结果。伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语 He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。
Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _________a record US $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. (山东卷)
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching【分析】答案选B。 2. 用不定式表结果。
He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。 He hurried to the station only _________ that the train had left. (广东卷)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
【分析】答案选 A。因为only to do是习语，意为“结果却，不料”，hurried和find是先后发生的两个动作。
七、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
原则上，所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语，其区别是：不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成和被动。
1. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_________. (北京卷) A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
【分析】答案选A。作with的宾语的补足语要用非谓语动词，排除选项B和C；与谓语动作同时发生用现在分词作宾语补足语，排除表示将来的不定式选项D。
2. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _____often enough (天津卷) A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained 【分析】答案选D。 宾语it与explain是被动关系，用过去分词作宾补，have sth done意为“请人做某事”。 八、考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题
按照英语习惯，非谓语动词的逻辑主语应与句子一致，否则就应调整句子结构。 While watching television, _________. (全国卷III)
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A. the door bell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
【分析】答案选C。因为watching的逻辑主语一定是we，排除选项A和B；又因在hear后作宾语补足语的是省略了to的不定式，所以选项D中的rings是错误的。 九、考查非谓语动词用作主语的问题
原则上说，动词用作主语，只能是不定式或动名词，不能是分词形式。这类考题命题还往往用动词原形作为干扰项进行考查，同学们做题需引起注意。
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview; _________the answers ready will be of great help. (北京卷) A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 【分析】答案选D。动名词短语用作主语。 十、考查“(be +) 过去分词+介词”结构
有一类“be+过去分词+介词”结构，如be interested in, be worried about, be lost in, be dressed in 等，也往往是命题的热点。
1. _________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. (江苏卷)A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
【分析】答案选 B。因表示“迷路于”是lose oneself in，题中没有oneself, 所以the two students与lose是被动关系，应该用过去分词作状语。
2. _________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (湖南卷)
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 【分析】答案选 A。由dress的宾语一定是人或oneself可知，dress与he是动宾关系，即he与dress是被动关系，要用过去分词作状语，Dressed in …=As he is dressed in … 十一、非谓语动词的综合考查
有时命题者会将多个知识点综合起来进行考查，如在考查被动式的同时兼考完成式，在考查不定式的同时兼考分词，等等。
1. I don’t want ___ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. (天津卷) A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
【分析】答案选 A。表示“想要做某事”want后只能接to do，排除选项C；sound like中sound是系动词，属不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，排除选项B；sound 发生在want后，故不用完成式，排除选项D。
2. “Is Bob still performing?” “I’m afraid not. He is said _________ the stage already as he has become an official.” (江苏卷)
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
【分析】答案选 A。因he与leave是主动关系，不用被动式，排除选项C和D；由already可知，要用完成式。
复合结构
代有逻辑主语的动名词结构称为动名词的复合结构相当于一个名词或代词，在句子中可作句子的主语、宾语和表语。
一般说来，-ing分词的复合结构是由形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。 His ( Li Lei’s ) singing / writing / painting attracts many people. 他的唱歌 / 写字 / 绘画吸引了很多人。
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当-ing分词的复合结构作宾语时，-ing分词的复合结构也可用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格与-ing分词构成。
The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Lei’s waiting for Wu Dong at the station. 老师建议我们 / 李蕾在车站等吴东。
Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Lei’s reading aloud in the classroom? 我 / 李蕾在教室里大声朗读你介意吗？
动词be的—ing 形式的复合结构不管是作主语还是作宾语，它的复合结构都必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。
His / The teacher’s being there made me very tense. 他 / 老师的在那儿使我非常紧张。
一、用作主语。动名词复合结构用作主语时，其名词或代词一般要用所有格，但在口语中偶尔也有用名词普通格和代词宾语的情况。
His behaving like that is strange. 他这样的表现是很奇怪的。
Her arriving late delayed our departure. 她来晚了，延误了我们的出发时间。 My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女儿睡得很晚令我担心。
Today being Saturday rather complicates matters. 今天是星期六反而把事情复杂化了。 His being ill troubled his parents. 他的生病给他的父母亲带来了麻烦。 Their coming made us very happy. 他们的到来使我们大家很高兴。 二、用作宾语。
I like him /his playing the guitar. 我喜欢他弹吉它。 I must insist on him / his paying. 我一定坚持他付钱。
He disliked me / my working late. 他不喜欢我工作到很晚。
I object to people / him / his smoking in restaurants. 我反对人们 / 他在饭店里吸烟。 We don’t like his coming late. 我们不喜欢他迟到。
I don’t mind him singing at night. 我不介意他夜里唱歌。 三. 作表语
What matters most is his acting. 关系最大的是他的行为。
What surprised us most is his speaking. 使我们最吃惊的是他的发言
注意： 在there be / stand / lie / exist 结构中，系动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语为：there。而没有主格、宾格之分。
I didn’t enter the room because of there being too many people in it. 由于房间里有很多人，我没有进去。
当不定代词all, both, each, few, some, this等作动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语时，就用它们的普通形式。
All glittering is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子。
I don’t like this being cooked this way. 我不喜欢这东西这么煮。 不定式构成的复合结构 for sb to do sth
常用of引出的不定式的逻辑主语的形容词（一般用来说明主语的品质，特征或属性）有： Good,nice,clever,wise,foolish,stupid,honest,kind,polite,careful,brave,lazy,selfish
It’s a challengfor us to find a better way 找到一个更好的方法对于我们来说是一个挑战。 It’s kind of you to say so 你能这么说，真是太好了 一、用作主语。
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