⑵Weather permitting(＝If weather permits表示一般情况-ing) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。（作条件状语）
⑶An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。（作原因状语）
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
⑷伴随情况 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed(pp,表被动) under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。（作伴随状语） (5) 表补充说明（相当于并列句，通常放于句末） A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。（表补充说明） 四．使用独立主格结构的注意事项
(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
(2) 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略： a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 b. 在There being＋名词的结构中。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家 (3) 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 (比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. ) (4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 (比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised. ） 【现学现用】 1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered 3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen
4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give C. being given D. given
5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________. A. permets B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted
6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off. A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been
7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been
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8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head. A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing
9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. A. having been B. been C. to be D. to being
10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been 【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA 独立主格结构考题小练(有详解)
1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.
A. which B. that C. whom D. them1.
D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。
2. _____ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。
3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which
A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用
4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it
C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600 years old。
5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构；第二空填不定式表目的
6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _____ a gun and his face ____ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering
C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze
D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。
8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。
9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that
A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，
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而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。
10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)
1. With so much work _________, I can’t go to the movies. A. to do B. doing C. be doing D. done 2. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother _________. A. to be ill B. being ill C. been ill D. to being ill 3. With the crowds _________, the royal party drove to the palace. A. cheering B. to cheer C. being cheered D. cheered 4. All the afternoon he worked with the door _________. A. to lock B. locked C. being locked D. locking 5. He came back with a basket _________ with fresh fruit. A. filled B. to fill C. filling D. being filled 6. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_________. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 【参考答案】ABABAA
不定式省略to的10种情况
一、使役动词与to的省略
当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式必须省略to。 Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。 She had him dig away the snow. 她让他把雪挖走。
They made him tell them everything. 他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。
注意：1. 当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。他被迫一天工作20小时。误：He was made work twenty hours a day. 正：He was made to work twenty hours a day.
2. force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。 He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。 The police obliged him to leave. 警方强迫他离开。 二、感觉动词与to的省略
当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时，不定式必须省略to。
We all felt the house shake. 我们都感觉这房子在震动。 I heard him go down the stairs. 我听见他下楼了。
Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
但是，当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时，则不能省略to。如： They all felt the plan to be unwise. 他们都认为这个计划不明智。
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注意，当这些动词变为被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。如：
They were heard to break a glass in the next door. 听见他们在隔壁打破了一个玻璃杯子。 另外，若用作宾语补足语的不定式为完成式，则通常应带 to。如： I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。
二、感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to. 感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等
I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。 We often hear her sing this song. 我们经常听到她唱这首歌。
Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? 注意：
1. 这里所说的。但是它们用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。 The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。 但是，用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch通常不用于被动语态。
2. 类似地，动词look at和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。 We listened to the old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。
3. 若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be，则要带 to(其他情况不带 to)。如： They felt the plan to be unwise. 他们认为这个计划不明智。 4. 若不定式为完成式，通常应带 to。
I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。
三、why (not) 与to的省略 在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。 四、在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。 Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？
Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？
Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢? 四、介词except / but, besides,与to的省略
大致原则是：其前有do，不定式不带 to；其前没有 do，不定式通常带 to。 He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外，他什么都不喜欢。 I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意，没有别的办法。 I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。 五、help与to的省略 不定式可以不带to，也可以不带to。
Can you help (to) carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?
I have lost my watch. Will you help me (to) look for it? 我把表丢了，你能不能帮我找一下? 注意：
1. 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to。
Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。
These tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。
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2. 在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。
The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。
另外，当不定式为否定式时，其中的to通常不宜省略。
How can I help my children not to worry about their exams? 我怎样才能帮助我的孩子们不为他们的考试着急呢?
六、know 与 to 的省略
不定式用于动词 know 之后作宾语补足语主要见于以下两类句型：
一是用于“know+宾语+to be”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的to可以省略也可以保留。 I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。
I know him to be a fool.=I know (that) he is a fool. 我知道他是个傻瓜。 We knew her to be honest. 我们知道她是诚实的。
I’ve never known her (to) be late before. 我以前从不知道她迟到过。
二是用于“know+宾语+to do”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的 to 可以省略也可以保留。
They know him to have been a spy. 他们知道他过去当过间谍。 I never knew him (to) do such a thing. ?我从未见过他干那种事。
I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我以前从未听说过七月份会下雪。 I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。 We’ve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。
I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我从未听说过有七月下雪的事。
注意，在被动语态中，不定式必须带 to。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”，而是表示一种经历，因此常译为“曾……过”(用于肯定句时)或“(从来)没有……过”(用于否定句时)。 He has never been known to tell a lie. ?从未有人听说过他说谎。 另外，当其中的不定式为完成式时，to也不可省略。如：
They knew the man to have been a thief. 他们发现此人曾是个小偷。 I have never known her to have failed. 我从来没发现她失败过。
七、当bid表示“吩咐”时，用于其后作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to也可以不带to。 She bade me (to) come in. 她叫我进来。
He bade me (to) do the work. 他吩咐我去做那项工作。
但是，在当bid为被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。如： I was bidden to do the work. 我被嘱咐去做那项工作
八、不定式作表语与 to 的省略 当不定式用作表语时，其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的。 当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。 His aim is to do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作。 All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。 The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉她真相。 九、并列不定式与to的省略
当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用 to，其余不定式前的 to
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