汉代豪族尚“清”意识研究
中 文 摘 要
豪族是汉代极其重要的社会阶层，是联系国家与社会的纽带。豪族的精神世界是豪族研究的三大重要领域之一，而尚“清”意识是豪族精神世界的重要组成部分。它是在豪族儒学化和士族化过程中形成的。本文以思想与社会的互动为视角，对汉代豪族尚“清”意识的形成过程、日常表现及尚“清”意识与“浊”的现实之冲突进行了考察。
从剖析“清”的本义出发，进而探讨“清”概念的发展过程，然后分析豪族在儒学化和士族化过程中，其精神世界由尚武向崇文再向尚“清”演变的过程。日常生活中的守清贫、赡宗族，家风中的清慎、清劲、清忠，为政中的忠清直亮、廉洁不贪、推行清化，是豪族尚“清”意识的重要表现。
随着豪族儒学化和士族化的完成，尚“清”已经内化为他们的精神追求。因此，他们常常表现出一种“清”的特质。在颓败的社会局势和浊恶的政治空气中，豪族尚“清”意识受到了浊流势力的抵制，二者不可避免地发生了冲突。豪族不仅坚决抵制社会上的奢侈、伪孝之风，还进行政治斗争。由于浊流势力强大，清流豪族惨遭两次“党锢”之祸。伴随着新思潮与新觉醒，汉代豪族的精神世界发生了由尊儒向崇道的转变，其尚“清”意识也由政治和伦理道德范畴转向审美范畴。这一时期，尚“清”意识并未因其获得审美范畴的意义而丧失其道德伦理和政治范畴的地位。实际上，甘守清贫、为政清廉的官吏在魏晋以后的中国亦不乏其人。
关 键 词：汉代；豪族；尚“清”意识；精神世界；“清”流；“浊”流
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The Research on the Consciousness of Advocating \Qing\
of the Power Clans in Han Dynasty
ABSTRACT
The power clans were regarded as a very important component of social stratum in Han Dynasty. They were the link between the state and the society. The spiritual world of the power clans is one of the three main research fields of the research of the power clans, and the consciousness of advocating \the power clans is an important part of their spiritual world in Han Dynasty. It was formed in the process of theirs becoming Confucianists and tycoon scholars. From the perspective of the interaction between the thoughts and the society, the thesis studied the formation process and the expression form of the consciousness of advocating \of the power clans and the conflicts between the consciousness of upholding \Dynasty.
The author firstly analyzed the original meaning of \and then explored the development process of \concept, finally explained the power clans’ spiritual world which transformed from attaching importance to violence to valuing knowledge, then to treasuring \becoming Confucianists and tycoon scholars. They persisted in poverty and devoted to their clans family in daily life. Cautiousness, uprightness and loyalty were their traditions. They were loyal, uncorrupted and responsible for education in political behaviors. All of these were performance of their consciousness of advocating \
With the completion of theirs becoming Confucianists and tycoon scholars, the behavior of advocating \Therefore, they often showed the qualities of \situation and turbid political atmosphere, the consciousness of advocating \of the power clans in Han Dynasty suffered the resistance from their hostile forces. Both parties conflicted with each other inevitably. The power clans not only resisted the luxury community, fake filial piety, but also fight with these phenomena. However, due to the powerful hostile forces, the power clans suffered brutally \forbiddance\scourge twice. Along with the new thoughts and new awakening, the spiritual world of the power clans transformed
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from attaching importance to Confucianism to valuing Taoist. Their treasuring \consciousness also changed from Political Ethics type to Aesthetic type.During this period, with the consciousness of advocating \significant in Aesthetic Category, it didn’t lose its status of ethical and political category. In fact, there were many uncorrupted government officials who persisted in poverty from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the present in China.
KEY WORDS: Han Dynasty; the power clans; the consciousness of advocating \
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目 录
引 言 ............................................................................................................................................. 1 （一）选题意义 ......................................................................................................................... 1 （二）学术史回顾 ..................................................................................................................... 1 （三）概念界定 ......................................................................................................................... 3 （四）研究方法 ......................................................................................................................... 5 一、汉代豪族尚“清”意识的渊源与演变 ..................................................................................... 7 （一）“清”的本义 ...................................................................................................................... 7 （二）“清”概念的发展过程 ...................................................................................................... 8 （三）汉代豪族尚“清”意识的演变 ........................................................................................ 10 二、汉代豪族尚“清”意识的表现 ............................................................................................... 17 （一）豪族日常生活中的“清” ................................................................................................ 17
1.甘守清贫 ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.清德——赈赡宗族和乡里 ................................................................................................. 18 （二）豪族家风中的“清” ........................................................................................................ 18 1.清慎的家风 ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.清劲的家风 ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.清忠的家风 ......................................................................................................................... 20 （三）豪族重清名 ................................................................................................................... 20 1.豪族重清名的原因 ............................................................................................................. 20 2.博得清名的方式 ................................................................................................................. 21 （四）豪族为政中的“清” ........................................................................................................ 23 1.忠清直亮 ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.廉洁不贪 ............................................................................................................................. 24 3.推行清化 ............................................................................................................................. 24 三、汉代豪族尚“清”意识与“浊”的现实之冲突 ....................................................................... 26 （一）汉代“浊”的现实 ............................................................................................................ 26 （二）尚“清”豪族与浊流势力的冲突 .................................................................................... 27 1.抵制“浊”的社会风气 ......................................................................................................... 28 2.政治上的斗争 ..................................................................................................................... 29 （三）冲突结果——汉代豪族尚“清”意识的转变 ................................................................ 33 1.由汉代经学向魏晋玄学的转变 ......................................................................................... 33 2.由汉末清议向魏晋清谈的转变 ......................................................................................... 33 3.由汉赋的华丽向魏晋南朝文学的“清”美转变 ................................................................. 34 结 语 ........................................................................................................................................... 38 参考文献 ....................................................................................................................................... 39 致 谢 ........................................................................................................................................... 44 作者攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文 ................................................................................... 45
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