take ; sleep ; walk ; give ; sell ; get dive ; allow ; see ; call ; explore ; help rush; travel; watch ; be; offer; look invite ; be ; invent ; cover ; look ; save Jim Green (1)_______ in China for more than two Not too long ago, people couldn’t go scuba diving on years. He has been to many interesting places in Beijing, Hainan Island, or anywhere else. This was because there but he has not yet been to many other parts of China. was no machine (1)__________ a person to breathe Last week he went to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province under water for a long time. In 1943 Jacques Cousteau with his family.
and his friends made it possible by (2)__________ the Many people like to travel by air, but Jim’s family scuba machine. Cousteau was very interested in (3) think that (2)________ by train is the best. It is much _________ deep into the sea , and wanted cheaper and far more enjoyable than a (3) _______ trip (4)___________an explorer. He bought a ship and used by air. They had a wonderful train ride to Chengdu it (5)___________ under the sea.
before they went on to Mount Emei by bus.
Cousteau also liked to make videos. As he explored Early one morning, they (4)_______ a taxi to Beijing the sea, he took pictures and videos of many things that West Railway Station. The station was very lively. There people (6)_____never_______before. He even made a were bookshops, food shops and stores (5)___________ TV show which ran for eight years. It (7)__________ all kinds of things. Mrs Green bought some fruit, food The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. It was very and bottles of water to take on the train. She said that it popular and let many people see what life was like under was better (6)______ some food before they got on the the sea.
train because food on the train was usually too As a boy, Cousteau loved the coral reefs in the sea by expensive.
his home. He was amazed at all the colours, and all the The train was quite comfortable, and there weren’t too beautiful fish. However, when he returned some years many people in their (7)________ car. The Greens could later, the colourful coral reefs were dead and grey. He stand up and (8)_______ around. It was a long journey, decided to tell people how important it was (8)________ but none of them felt tired. They kept (9)__________ the the environment under the sea. He started the Cousteau beautiful scenery out of the window. They talked, Society (9)_______ protect life in the sea. Now there are laughed and played cards. The conductor kept coming over 30,000 members all over the world. Since water (10)__________ them hot water and selling them (10)__________ most of the earth, Cousteau knew we magazines. People nearby talked with each other. A should keep the seas clean. We should not litter the seas, young man practiced speaking English with Mr. Green. and should clean up the dirty parts. As water is very Jim thought the train was like a big moving pary.
important to our environment, he encouraged everyone （4）
to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and colours.
初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第19辑（共20辑） 语法要点及基础过关检测
( 5 ) open ; base ; come ; bring ; go ; do land ; take ; fall ; sing ; name ; call During the Christmas season friends get together and go from house to house (1)_________ Christmas songs. They do this for fun and (2) __________ the spirit of Christmas to the people in each house. Then on Christmas Eve—the night before Christmas Day—children put stocking at the end of their beds before they go to sleep. Their parents usually tell them that Father Christmas (3)_________ during the night. Some people even put up stocking for their pets as well.
Father Christmas is a very kind-hearted man. He (4)_______ on top of each house all over the world and climbs down the chimney. He then fills the stocking with Christmas presents. But who is Father Christmas? Can a man really climb down the chimney of every house in the world in a single night? Of course not.
Father Christmas (5)_________ on a real person in history. In Turkey, there once was a man (6)_______ Saint Nicholas. He was a very shy person. He wanted to give money to the poor. But he did not want them to know that the money came from him. He didn’t know what (7)_____. It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney. It (8)______ into a stocking that a little girl had hung by the fireplace to dry! Even though Father Christmas is no longer living, his spirit of generosity lives on today.
Christmas Day always begins before breakfast. Children wake up very early, and can’t to open the presents in their stockings and under the tree. They wake
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up the other family members, (9)________, ―Merry visit ; mean ; be ; see ; found; Christmas!‖ After all the presents (10)______, the family lie ; be covered with ; explain ; will usually have a delicious breakfast. They spend the find ; discover ; lay ; disappear; day playing with the new toys and visiting their relatives Last Saturday afternoon, Wei Hua and her and friends. They greet each other with a hug and say, classmates(1) the Museum of Natural History.
―Merry Christmas!‖
They were very interested in dinosaurs
( 6 )
―Can we see dinosaurs here?‖ Wei Hua asked Miss Li,
their guides.
come ; warn ; say ; eat ; change ; swim ―Yes!, of course. There is an underground Dinosaur
speak ; seen ; feed ; attack ; be ; attract World. There you (2) the fossils of many kinds
Sharks (1)_______ around for a very long time. It of dinosaurs. Shall we go to visit the dinosaurs first?‖
(2)_______ they have been on earth for thousands of ―Yes! Let’s go!‖ All the students cheered. Then they
years, and (3)__________ very little. A shark is a fish, went to the dinosaur World.
but is has many differences from a fish. For one thing, if ―Oh, look! These must be dinosaur eggs. They are so
a shark stops (4)_________, it will sink.
big!‖ Lucy shouted.
Not all sharks are alike. There are between 200 and ―Yes. These eggs (3) in the Gobi Desert by
250 kinds of sharks. They (5)_______ in different sizes. a group of scientists in the 1920s,‖ Miss Li said.
The largest can be as long as 15 metres. It eats plants ―So these eggs (4) long long ago by from the sea, but many sharks (6) ______ on fish, other dinosaurs!‖ Lily said sea animals, smaller sharks and sometimes they eat Mill Li smiled, ―These eggs were laid about 95 million people. It(7)_______ that one of the most dangerous years ago.‖ sharks is the Great White Shark. They (8)_________ a ―95 millions ago? That (5) dinosaurs lived number of people off the beaches of America. Australia, long before human beings appeared! But we can’t see New Zealand and South Africa also have shark attacks. any dinosaurs today. That’s a pity!‖ said Lin Tao. In some places there are watchtowers on the beaches ―Yes. Dinosaurs lived on the earth for more than 150 (9)________ people about sharks in the water. When a million years, and then (6)_________about 65 million shark appears, a bell rings to tell the people to get out of years ago. Scientists try (7) their the water. Sharks attack about 100 people a year in the disappearance, but they’ve got more questions than world. Perhaps the shark just thinks that the person is a answers,‖ said Miss Li. ―And now there is a very special kind of sea animal, or something good (10)_________.
dinosaur on display. It was discovered in Liaoning ( 7 )
Province. I say it is special because the dinosaur (8) feathers!‖ 初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第19辑（共20辑） 语法要点及基础过关检测
―With feathers Like birds?‖ The students could not believe their ears. ―Look!‖ Miss Li showed them a picture of the feathered dinosaur, ―You see, it looks like a big bird. Some scientists believe that dinosaurs have not disappeared, but they have become birds.‖ ―That’s very interesting. I want (9)________ a scientist in the future and study dinosaurs!‖ said Song Dan. ―Good. Then we can see many dinosaurs (10)__________by you in this museum,‖ said Miss Li, and all the students laughed. ( 9 )
need ; save ; hit ; grow ; live work ;build ; stay ; prevent; plant ; blow ; be covered with Forests help to keep water from running away, so drought does not often happen. The trees in the forests can keep rain drops from (1)_______the soil directly, so the soil is not easily washed away. The dead leaves on the ground also keep the water from running away. The water then (2)_______in one place and is used by the trees in the forests. In this way, floods(3)________. Chinese people do not want to see more floods and droughts, so they (4)________a new Great Wall across the northern part of the country. This time, it is a ―Great Wall‖ of trees, millions of trees. The Great Green Wall is 7,000 kilometers long, and between 400 and 1,700 kilometers wide. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from (5) the earth away. It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich
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farmland in the south. It (6) already a lot So it (2)________, hour after hour. In one day, people of land. But more ―Great Green have (3)________ food for over 370,000 more mouths. Walls‖(7)_____still , and not only in China. Multiply this by 365. Just think how many more there They must be built all over the world.
will be in one year! What (4)_________ in a hundred Wang Feng is a worker at Yulin in Shaaxi Province. years?
He works on the Great Green Wall with many other The (5)_________ population is growing faster and people. We visited him at his workplace among the faster. Two thousand years ago, there were only 250 young trees and asked him about his work.. ―Many million people on the earth. Four hundred years ago, the thousands of trees must (8) every year,‖ he said. number (6)_______ over 500 million. At the beginning ―The more, the better. This year alone, we’ve already of the twentieth century, the world’s population was planted ten thousand trees. You see all those small trees about 1.7 billion. In 1970, this number was over 3.6 over there on that hill? That was sand five years ago. billion. In 1990, it (7)_________ more than five billion. Now it’s a young forest! In a few years’ time, those Now at the beginning of the 21st the world’s population mountains (9)_________trees, too!‖ He pointed to the (8)__________ six billion. People say that by the year high mountains far away.
2010, it may be seven billion. That (9)________ that in Was it difficult (10)__________on the Great Green about 600 years, there will be standing room only on the Wall?
earth. Each person will have one half to one square metre ―Yes. It’s hard work, but it’s very important. The only of space (10)____________. There will be hardly problem is you can’t eat trees! We have to grow our own enough space for anybody else.
food , too. But thanks to the Great Green Wall, the land produces more crops. So the more trees there are, the ( 11 )
better harvests we have.
do ; sleep ; get ; bring ; rock ; ( 10 )
break,buy ; drop ; crash ; say ; reach ; take be born ; go on ; leave ; increase ; One Friday morning in San Francisco, Robert Parley, a come ; happen ; mean ; pass ; baby, (1) ___________ in his bed. The family pet , a dog, reach ; produce ; live in ; be was asleep on the floor beside the baby’s bed. Mrs. Look at your watch for just one minute. During that Parley was busy (2)___________ her housework. time , the population of the world increased by 259. Suddenly an earthquake (3)_________ the city.
Perhaps you think that isn’t much. However, during the Mrs. Parley said she felt as if she was in a storm at sea. next hour, over 15,540 more babies (1)________on the She tried hard (4) _________ the baby’s room, but the earth.
house broke in two , (5)__________ her to the first floor
初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第19辑（共20辑） 语法要点及基础过关检测
and leaving with baby’s bed hanging on the edge of the story house.
Mrs Parley tried to climb to the second floor, but she couldn’t because she (6)____________ her leg. She shouted to the dog, Cody, (7)___________the baby. The dog jumped into little Robert’s bed and carefully grabbed the baby in his mouth. The dog then jumped out of the bed with the baby, just as the bed (8)_____ to the first floor.
Mrs Parley called the police on her mobile phone and half an hour later, they climbed to the second floor to get the dog and the baby. The police said baby Robert didn’t cry at all. Baby Robert and his mother (9)____________ to the hospital, with Cody the dog right beside them. All are now doing well. It is true (10)__________ a dog is man’s best friend or at least Robert’s best friend.
( 12 )
help ; take ; carry ; make ; beat ; relax do ; surprise ; please ; be ; win ; score In a (1)_____________ result, the No. 69 Middle School girls’ football team yesterday (2)_______ their school’s boy’s team. The boys’ team used (3)________ the girls with the training. They had never lost to the girls before, but this time the girls beat them 4-3 in an exciting match.
After the game, Wu Nai, captain of the boys’ team, was very unhappy. ―We all thought this (4)__________ an easy game,‖ he said. ―We never thought a team of girls could beat us. This is the most unlucky day of my life.‖
But Mr. Hu, the boys’ PE teacher, said he thought the
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girls deserved (5)________. ―The boys were too 或句子（从句）。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，confident,‖ he said. ―I told them before the match that 称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、they needed to play well. They all thought that girls’ 定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是football was a joke. Now they know better. They played 在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句carelessly, and they deserved to lose.‖
的五种基本句型。
The match had started well for the boys. After 30 minutes, they were winning 2-0. Their best striker, Lu 一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds Ming, scored in the thirtieth minute. Earlier, the midfield player, Ma Zhengquan, had scored the first goal in only of simple sentences)
the second minute of the match. His excellent shot went （一） 主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
low to the left of the girls’ goal. Their keeper, Jiang Mei, eg. 1）He is working. 2）He cooks.
could not stop it.
（二） 主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
However, after the first half hour, the boys seemed to eg. 1）We study English every day. become too confident and (7)_________. At first, the 2）They are playing football
girls had felt a bit nervous, but then they became more （三） 主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
and more confident. Just before half time, Li Xiaolin eg. 1）Trees turn green. 2）He is happy. made the score 2-1, with a beautiful shot into the top 常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得）; right-hand corner of the boys’ goal.
turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得/摸起来）; look(看起 In the second half, the boys were the first to score. 来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；Another great shot from Lu Ming went over Jiang Mei’s seem(似乎). head and into the middle of the goal. However, after that 特别注意：
the boys became relaxed and lazy, but the girls a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语；
(8)______ on working hard. Hao Meiling scored in the b) be / become后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定68th minute, (9)________ the score 3-2. Then Li Xiaolin 式/动名词）做表语。
scored twice in the last six minutes to make the final c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be + 形容词 score 4-3. It was an amazing finish to an exciting match. eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)
The girls’ PE teacher, Miss Wang , 2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语) (10)______________with their performance. ―They 3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语) were great!‖ she said.
4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy
一、句子成分：句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这
（四） 主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物） =主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但
初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第19辑（共20辑） 语法要点及基础过关检测
buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.= I gave a book to him. 2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday. = My mother bought a pen for me.
（五） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。 eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）
2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补） 3)The news makes me happy (同上) 4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)
5)I think it useful to learn English well (同上)
6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补） 7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾
补） 特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth 2)省to不定式作宾补，即： (l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补. hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事 hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
二、词类和句子成分的关系。
（一）词类相互间的关系。
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1．形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词），形容词还可修饰代词。例如： 1)The three tall and strong men are all basket- (定语) (主) (谓) (定语) ball players.（“主系表”结构）
(表语)
（介词短语of Class Two作定语，修饰the League 数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修basketball修饰名词players.
饰are having）
2)The writer often writes something interesting 连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。 (主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定) He is so young that he can’t go to school. about children. （“主胃宾”结构） （that连接两句子）
(定)
（二）词类和句子成分的关系：
形容词interesting修饰不定代词something
1．主语：是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体，一2．副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如：
般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外，动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如： 1)Mr. Chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)
2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)
(副词well修饰plays，副词quite修饰另一副词well.)
3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语) 4)To swim in Kuming Lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)
5)What we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句作(副词very修饰形容词interesting)
主语)
以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为2．谓语：说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓实词，可以在句中单独做一定的成分。
语，一般放在主语之后。例如：
3．冠词、介词、连词称为虚词，在句中不能单独构成1)The new term begins on September 1st .(行为动词作句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前；介词与它后面的名谓语)
词或代词构成介词短语，才能作一定的成分（定语、2)She seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)
状语和表语）。例如：
3)He has gone to Beijing. (行为动词作谓语)
3．宾语：及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语）后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外，动词不定式、动名词和从句也可
初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第19辑（共20辑） 语法要点及基础过关检测
作宾语。例如：
1)Wang Ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语；名词a novel作直接宾语)
2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词a cough作介词宾语)
3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式to ask questions作动词likes 的宾语)
4)His brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词playing chess作介词宾语)
5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (coming作动词宾语)
4．宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。（见前面简单句的五种基本句型五）
5．表语：在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。（参见简单句的五种基本句型三）
1)Wang Lin’s father is a doctor. (名词a doctor作表语，说明主语的身份是doctor)
2)He is from America. （介词短语from America作表语，说明主语的特征是“来自美国“）
3)The baby is asleep. (形容词asleep作表语，说明主语的状态是“睡着的”)
4)His work is teaching English. (动名词短语teaching English作表语，说明主语特征是“教英语”)
5)This is why he was late for school(表语从句why he was late for school作表语。)
6．定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前；但修饰复合不定代词（nothing, anything, everything, something ,
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