–Always obey your parents — when they are present. –When your parents are present, always obey them.
–据说马克·吐温有一次应邀前往一所大学演讲，内容是关于学生到底该不该听从父母的管教，
此为演讲的第一句话。
?？父母的话非听不可，当然是说他们在身边的时候啦。
?It is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a
wife. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
?*凡有产业的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
–读者看到It is universally acknowledged的时候，会以为作者要郑重其事的宣告一个举世公认的真理。而读完最后一个词会有―大上其当‖的感觉，而又不得不佩服作者匠心独具。 –作者以庄重高雅的形式把读者的期待引向高峰，而最后一个词所代表的庸俗内容却又将读者的期待降到谷底，所以产生了强烈的讽刺效果，耐人寻味，因此使人难忘。
?Opposing players laughed at the puny boy with green eyes and tousled brown hair on their base —
until they discovered they couldn't hit a ball past me.
?对手们对我这个站在第三垒的长着绿眼睛和蓬乱的棕色头发的弱小的男孩大笑不已，——不过，当他们发现他们的击球一一被我阻挡成功时，他们就笑不出声了。
On the morning of a fine June day, my first bonny little nursling, and the last of the ancient Earnshaw stock, was born. (E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch. 8, V.I)
?*六月份一个阳光明媚的早晨，厄恩肖这个古老世家的最后一代继承的出生了，这是第一个我亲自喂养的孩子。（梁根顺译《呼啸山庄》）
?六月份一个阳光明媚的早晨，我要抚养的第一个小宝宝，也是古老的 厄恩肖家族的最后一根苗，出世了。
?意译法
?拟声；对偶；断取；脚韵 ?析数；同字；双关；顶真 ?统括；列锦；拈连；精警 ?借代；倒装；摹形；反复
?Onomatopoeia 拟声
?把人、动物可自然物所发出的声音如实地加以描摹。英语中一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声
的特点，融音与义为一体，引起音与音之间的联想。
–A hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.
?―得、得、得‖，坚硬的路面上响着接连不断的马蹄声。
–White jagged lightning, followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder.
?天空中闪过一道成V形的白色闪电，紧接着传来一声霹雳，然后是深沉的隆隆雷声。
?Antithesis 对偶
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?两个成分之间结构上对称，意义上对照。
–Small sorrows speak; great sorrows are silent.
–What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure. (Samuel Johnson)
–The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. (Abraham Lincoln)
–It will not be easy. It will require sacrifice. But it can be done and done fairly. No choosing sacrifice for its own sake, but for our own sake. (Bill Clinton)
–Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen;
Duty, faith, love, are roots, and every green. ?美貌、体力、年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽； 义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。
–When all the bravest spoke of surrender,
He, the coward, insisted on continuing the defense. ?勇士们一个个主张投降， 他这个懦夫却坚持抵抗。
?Rhyme 脚韵
–When the cat‘s away, the mice will play.
?猫儿不在，鼠儿作怪。
–Health and wealth
?*健康与财富
–Fair and square
?*正大光明的
–High flyer
?*野心勃勃的人；好高骛远的人
–Low blow
?*不正大光明的行为；打腰部以下的一击
?Pun 双关
?Joel Sherzer: A pun is a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and
simultaneously combines two unrelated meanings. 乙，言此意彼，或两义兼顾。
?利用语言中的一词两义、一语两义或两词同音的现象，表达双重意义，表面上说甲，实际上说
–语音双关（谐音双关） –语义双关
?语音双关
–Then there was the man in the restaurant.
―You‘re not eating your fish,‖ the waitress said to him. ―Anything wrong with it?‖ ―Long time no sea.‖ the man replied.
–When a woman complained to her butcher that his sausages tasted like meat at one end, but like bread at the other, he replied: ―Madam, in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.‖
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–Drunk drivers put the quart before the hearse.
?Put cart before the horse
–― Mine is a long and a sad tale!‖ said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing.
―It is a long tail, certainly,‖ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse‘s tail, ―but why do you call it sad?‖
?Alice‘s Adventures in Wonderland
?语义双关
–A Farewell to Arms
?永别了，武器 ?战地春梦
–Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and then on the other, and
remain wide awake all the time.
–The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: ―Gentlemen, order!‖ – The entire class yelled: ―Beer!‖
–I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House, the President gets the bill from the Senate, and we get the bill for everything.
–―Fourth floor,‖ shouted the passenger to the elevator. ―Here you are, son.‖
―How dare you call me ?son‘?‖
―Sir, I called, or whatever. I‘ve brought you up, anyway.‖ –Second to None
–―My Faith is gone!‖ cried he, after one stupefied moment. (Hauthorne)
–―Give me a sentence about a public servant,‖said the teacher.
A small boy replied, ―The policemen came down the ladder pregnant.‖
The teacher took the lad aside to correct him, ―Don‘t you know what ?pregnant‘ means?‖ ―Sure, ‖answered the boy confidently. ―It means ?carrying a child‘.‖ –Try our sweet corn. You‘ll smile from ear to ear.
–Professor of Physics: What is matter? Student: Never mind.
Professor: Then what is mind? Student: It doesn‘t matter. ?物理老师：何谓物？ 学生：不关心。 物理老师：何谓心？ 学生：不关物事。
–(A college professor was one day nearing the close of a history lecture and was indulging in one of those rhetorical climaxes in which he delighted when the hour struck. The students immediately began to slam down the movable arms of their lecture chairs and to prepare to leave. The professor, annoyed at the interruption of his flow of eloquence, held up his hand: ) ―Wait just one minute, gentlemen. I have a few more pearls to cast. ‖
?诸位，稍安毋躁。我还要对你们弹一会儿琴。
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–We must indeed all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.
?要么团结一致，要么被个个击破。
?如果我们不拧成一股绳，就会吊死在不同的绳子上。 ?我们要共赴沙场，不然会分赴刑场。
?King‘s English
–My first teaching job was at a high school in Georgia. Having been born and raised in the North, I
had some initial difficulty understanding my students‘ accents. Jokingly, I said to one girl, ―I do wish you Southerners would speak English!‖ ―We do.‖ She replied.
―Well, it‘s not the King‘s English,‖ I protested.
―Sure it is,‖ she said. ―Remember, Elvis was a Southerner.‖
?我的第一次做教师是在乔治亚的一所高级中学，因为生在北方长在北方，所以一开始接触学生们的南方方言，我经常会不明白他们的意思，于是一天我玩笑着对一个女生说：―我真希望你们南方人能讲英语。‖
―我们是说英语呀。‖她回答说。
―我知道，可那不是标准的英语。‖我对她的话表示异议。 ―那是的，‖她说―别忘了，Elvis可是南方人。‖ ?……―可那不是纯正英语。‖
―也是，不过别忘了，猫王也是一个南方人啊。‖
–She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more than one way!
?……想到她付出的那笔不菲的赎金，那只猫对她不仅很宝贵，而且很昂贵。
–Context: 一位有钱的老太太心爱的猫儿Rastus被坏人―绑架‖，花了一大笔赎金才失而复得。 –因为原文中dear in more than one way的dear语带双关，而汉语是没有类似的词，所以只好把隐含的意思明朗化，算是一种妥协。
–When a woman dresses to kill, the victim‘s apt to be time. ?*当女人梳妆打扮的时候，时间就成了她的牺牲品了。 ?女人梳妆打扮时，时间就成了受害者。 –dressed to kill
Definition: Wearing fashionable clothing; dressed in one's most stylish and sophisticated apparel. Examples: 1) Holly is really dressed to kill -- everyone in the room is looking at her! 2) Tina was dressed to kill for her date on Saturday night.
–Etymology: The idea is that your appearance could be so strong and powerful that you would 'kill' (dominate, defeat, knock over) anyone who sees you.
?Anadiplosis 顶真
?第一句结尾的字或词与第二句开头的字或词相同。
–Still he sought for fame…fame, that last infirmity of noble mind.
?可是他仍旧追逐名气——追逐名气，这是个高尚人永远摆脱不了的弱点。
–He gave his life; life was all he could gave.
?他奉献了自己的生命；生命是他能奉献的一切。
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?列锦
?以名词或用以名词为中心的定名结构组成，里面没有动词或形容词谓语，却能叙事抒怀，写景
抒情。
–The gray sea and the long black land;
And the yellow half-moon large and low. (Robert Browning) ?灰蒙蒙的大海，黑幽幽的长岸； 刚升起的半个月亮又大又黄。 –Honour, anger, valour, fire; A love that life could never tire, Death quench or evil stir, The mighty master
Gave to her. (R. L. Stevenson) ?坚贞、义愤、英勇、热烈， 她的那种情爱，生活难以煎枯， 邪恶无从诱惑，死亡不能扑灭—— 这是全能的主 授予她的禀赋。
?Zeugma 轭式修辞法
?轭式修辞法亦称轭式搭配法，是一种艺术感染力极强的修辞手法，英文中叫做
词来源于希腊语，意为yoke（轭）。就好象把几头牲口硬套在一起拉车似的。
zeugma。这个
–I got up yesterday and managed to catch a bus and a cold.
–She looked at the faded photo with suspicion and a magnifying glass. –We sell clothes that fit the figures and the times. –
?轭式修辞法的主要特点
?利用内容上某种内在的联系和共性，通过词义的转延形成超常规的奇特搭配，构成各种各样熨
贴巧妙、新颖别致的词语组合，为表现合理的联系和内容选择一个新奇的角度，以启发人们丰富的联想。
–I used to organize my father‘s tools, my mother‘s kitchen utensils, my sister‘s boyfriends.
–原来organize与tools和utensils连用倒也不出奇，但与boyfriends连用就有点牵强了。可在同一语境下将三个名词统由organize支配就达到了矛盾的统一，表明说话者把一切都安排得有条有理的优秀品质，幽默滑稽，而又不显山露水，使人耳目一新。
–新奇的搭配，生动的语言，幽默的情趣跃然纸上。这正是轭式修辞法的妙处。
–She braved it for a moment or two with an eye full of love and stubbornness, and murmured a phrase or two vaguely of Gen. Pinkney; but at length down went her head and out came the truth and tears. (O. Henry)
–The blood stained her honor and her new brocade. ? 血迹玷污了她的新装，也玷污了她的名誉 。 –She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.
? 在一次舞会上，她丢了魂，也丢了项链 。
?轭式修辞法的格式
?一个动词或介词支配两个或两个以上的名词，一个形容词修饰两个或两个以上的名词，但其中
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