?It would be appreciated if samples and brochure could be soon forwarded to us. ?通知学校全体教师下午聚会。
?The university‘s faculty shall be told to attend the gathering this afternoon.
??表示事物存在的无主句。
?据了解，该地区有丰富的自然资源。
?It is known that there are plenty of natural resources in that areas. ?自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。
?There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983. ?据统计每天前来游览敦煌壁画的游客数以千计。
?As is shown by statistics, every day tourists coming to visit Dunhuang Murals amount to thousands.
?（4）汉语中概括、泛指性的词﹙―人们‖―有人‖―人人‖―大家‖―我们‖﹚等充当主语时，可译成宾
语作主语的被动句或―it‖为形式主语的被动句。 ?在记者招会上，人们问了他许多问题。
?He was asked a lot of question at the press conference. ?长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最主要的。
?It has long been known that there is a first relationship between heart and liver.
?有人说即将举行的四级考试很困难，我们应当做好准备。
?It is said that the coming Band 4 English Examination is to be rather difficult, so we are supposed to get fully prepared for it.
?（5）使语气委婉，措辞礼貌。
?请你为大家表演一个节目。
?You are requested to give a performance. ?希望你们能按时完成作业。
?It is expected that you will finish your assignments on time. ?今天下午有一场英语讲座，全体研究生请务必参加。
?There will be an English lecture this afternoon .All the graduates are expected to attend.
?（6）某些汉语句子可借助于英语的一些固定搭配或词组来表达。 ?我面临着最难解决的困难。
?I am confronted with a difficulty of difficulties.
?王教授精通好几门外语，他有资格在那种场合担任译员。
?Professor Wang, who has a good command of several foreign languages, is qualified to be an
interpreter on that occasion. ?
?中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，因而注定要在国际事物中发挥决定性的作用。
?China，which abounds in material and cultural resources，is destined to play a decisive role in
international affairs.
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三、英译汉语被动句
1. 汉语被动名译为英语主动句
?（1）为了符合英语的表达习惯 ?他被吓得坐起来。 ?He started to sit up. ?玛丽被雨淋感冒了。
?Mary caught cold because of the rain.
?﹙2﹚受上下文和语境的支配
?他们将冲决一切束缚他们的罗网，朝着解放的路上迅跑。一切帝国主义、军阀、贪官污吏、土
豪劣绅，都将被他们葬入坟墓。（《毛泽东选集》第一卷）
?They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation。They
will sweep all the imperials，warlords，corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves.
?2、汉语被动句译成英语被动句
? 以―受‖、―挨‖、―遭‖、―让‖、―蒙受‖、―遭受‖等而下之为谓语动词的句子，主语处于被动地
位，这些句子通常可以译成英语的被动句。
?我们听了奥运会奖牌获得者的报告深受鼓舞。
?We are heartened to hear the reports of Olympics medallists. ?事实可以通过报纸的渠道让大家知道。
?The facts can be made known through the medium of the press.
?这附近有许多大的工厂，所以空气受到烟尘的严重污染。
?There stands so many big factories nearby that air is seriously polluted by smoke. ?因为违章开车，他遭永远吊销了驾驶执照。
?His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations. ? 汉语中一些特殊的词组（―加以‖、―得到‖等）可以用来表示被动意义，汉译英时也可
译为被动句。
?以上这些方面都应在今后的工作中加以改进。
?All the above aspects should be improved in the future.
?震后，灾区人民得到了全国人民的帮助与援助。
?After the earthquake，the people there were offered some aid and help by the people all over the
country.
? 如果句子中出现―为…所…‖、―…是…的‖时，则是有标志的汉语被动句，英译汉时往往可以用被动语态的形式作谓语。
?The whole area is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has unique climate.
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?这个程序表是我们自己设计的。
?The program was designed by ourselves.
? 此句中，―…是…的‖的意思与表示判断或强调意义的―…是…的‖不同，翻译时应区别对待。
如―这个计划是可行的‖（This plan is feasible）,―我是去年毕业的‖(It was in the last year that I graduated)。
四、确定语态时应注意之处
?这个问题必须马上解决，否则会贻误工期。
?This problem has to be solved immediately, or it will delay the schedule. ?河上又架起了一座桥。
?Another bridge has been built across the river. ?明年将出版更多的书籍。
?A great number of new books will be published next year.
? 在后两个句子中，汉语以―时间‖和―地点‖做主语，谓语为及物动词。英译时常译为被动句。
通常把地点和时间译成状语置于句末。
?2、有一些形式上主动，含义上被动的汉语句子译成英语后，看上去也是主动句，但其谓语动词多为不及物动词或某些特殊用法的动词，通常有下面几种情况。
?（1）deserve, require, want, need等这类被有些语法家划为带有被动含义的动词。例如： ?这个计划需要进一步讨论。
?The plan requires further discussing. ?好的品质值得表扬。
?The fine qualities deserved praising. ?房间需要打扫一下。 ?The room needs cleaning.
?（2）除了上面提到的特殊用法的英语动词，还有些动词往往和表示行为方式的状语连用，以
表示被动意义。例如：
?这酒口感不错，与价格相称。 ?This wine drinks well for its price. ?这篇文章读起来像小说。 ?This paper reads like a novel. ?湿衣服易烫平。
?Damp clothes iron easily.
?（3）在把形式主动含义被动的汉语句子译成英语时，英语句子可以采取进行时态表示被动意
义，但是这种情况中的进行时态，实际上已经不表示动作正在进行，而是着重说明情况。
?晚饭正在做呢。 ?The dinner is cooking.
?这部电影正在城里放映。
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?The film is showing in town. ?她的眼里盈满了泪水。
?Her eyes were filling with tears.
?可以这样用的动词有：blow，drive，widen，expand，shape等等。
练习题
（原文见发放资料）
将下列句子译成英语，注意语态的转换：
参考译文：
?1. It‘s easier said than done.
?2. It was yesterday that we held a meeting in the club. ?3. The English Evening has been put off till Saturday.
?4. The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. ?5. The value of true friendship is seldom known until it is lost. ?6. It is said that Tom‘s wisdom is the envy of a lot of people. ?7. It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
?8. They can hardly be said to have discovered this phenomenon. ?9. It is universally known that the world is made of matter. ?10. His entire life was devoted to learning.
?11. The examination being over, I feel greatly relieved. ?12. The avenue is lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.
?13. A special committee has been formed to direct the campaign. ?14. No defects have been found in these documents.
?汉英对比
?（见教案3 P23）
第五部分 篇 章 翻 译
? 篇章（discourse），不论是口头形式还是形式，都是一些意义相关的句子通过一定的承接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。一般说来，篇章由一个以上的话段或句子构成，它具有句法上的组织性和交际上的独立性。
? 篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句子以上的语言单位的翻译，篇章翻译与句子翻译的主
要不同，在于前者为译者提供了范围较大的语境，译者可以根据该语境更准确掌握篇章的主题，理解该篇章及组成该篇章的词、句的深层含义或言外之意。因而，篇章翻译在翻译实践中占有举足轻重的地位。
就篇章结构而言，汉英篇章之间既有相同之处，也存在诸多差异。其相同之处如：全篇通常首尾相呼应，句间承上启下，各句、段的排列以及所反映的概念都紧密相连，具有完
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整独立的交际功能等。其差异在于：汉语篇章重意合，结构松散，其中的句子可以省主语、谓语，词汇无曲折变化，句子的定界模糊化、隐含化，句子内部和句子之间的逻辑关系也常常是隐性的篇章的扩展属于流散型，语序
?是保持行文紧密连接的重要手段；英语篇章重形合，其中的句子都是成分齐整的基本句，通过
词汇曲折变化体现时、体、态及单复数等概念，句子内部和句子之间的逻辑关系常常是显性的，篇章的扩展属于聚集型。
?一、连接
? 连接（cohesion）体现在篇章的表层结构上，主要通过语法手段（如照应、替代省略等）和
词汇手段（如复现关系、同现关系等）的使用来实现，它是篇章的有形网络。
? 由于汉英两种语言表达方式存在差异，如在句型结构方面：汉语中主语可省略，诸多
无主句并列在一起，而英语句子结构多以主语＋谓语的形式出现；在照应方面：汉语无定冠词，英语中有定冠词，英语人称代词及其相应的限定词的使用率也大大高于汉语；在句内词语关系方面：汉语常常不用关联词，而依靠句内各部分之间内在的逻辑关系达到连接的目的，而英语中的逻辑联系词使用频繁。在汉译英时，往往需要增补， 在译文中增加主语、冠词人称代词、介词、和逻辑联系词等。把原文中内在的、隐性的联系表达出来，避免英语句子结构松散或脱节的现象。例如：
?1. 我的最大爱好是沉思默想。我可以一个人长时间的独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是 一种愉
快，独享忧伤也是一种愉快。孤独的时候，精神不会是一片纯粹的空白，它仍然是一个丰富多彩的世界。情绪上的大欢乐和大悲痛往往都在孤独中产生。孤独中，思维可以不依照逻辑进行。孤独更多地产生人生的诗情——激昂的和伤感的。孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展，也能使你对自己或环境作更透彻的认识和检讨。
?①My greatest avocation is musing. ②I can stay by myself for a long time without feeling
disconsolate in the least. ③Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted privately. ④In solitude, the mind is not a complete blank; it remains a rich and colourful world. ⑤Solitude often induces ecstasy or anguish, and allows thinking to wander in a random way. ⑥She inspires the mood for poems, passionate or pathetic. ⑦She also enables people to think further and deeper and to have a more thorough understanding and examination of themselves and their environment.
?2. 一边走着，似乎道旁有一个孩子，抱着一堆灿白的东西。驴儿过去了，无意中回头一看——他抱着花儿，赤着脚儿，向我微微的笑。 （冰心： 《笑》）
?As I passed along, I somewhat sensed the presence of a child by the roadside carrying something
snow white in his arms. After the donkey had gone by, I happened to look back and saw the child, who was barefoot, looking at me smilingly with a bunch of flowers in his arms. (Tr. Zhang Peiji)
?二、连贯
? 连贯（coherence）指篇章中语义的关联，连贯存在于篇章的底层。篇章的连贯性一方
面通过篇章标示词如连词、副词等来取得，更重要的一方面则是通过逻辑推理来达到语义连接，如并列、承接、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设、条件等等，它是篇章的无形网络。
? 在汉语篇章中，各句之间，分句之间少有连接词，多是并列展开，不分主从，隐含其
中的逻辑关系，翻译时则需通过逻辑分析来确定句子之间的关系，从而决定译文篇章的结构和句子形式。例如：
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