into等，汉语里用―是‖、―变成‖、―变为‖、―成为‖、―成了‖、―当作‖等。 –Money is the lens in a camera. (J. T. Adams)
–Jane‘s uncle is an old fox, up to all kinds of evils. ?简的叔叔是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。 –After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. ?那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。
–―All the world is a stage.‖
–The 19-year-old Elvis Presley cut the record ―That‘s All Right, Mama,‖ and rocketed to instant fame.
–My boss‘ view of life was essentially a one-way street in which all the traffic moved in the direction he wanted it to go. –From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
-- Winston Churchill
?Personification 拟人
?把人以外的无生命之物或有生命之物当作人来描写，并把它写得既有人的动作又有人的思想感
情。
–The interview was over. Mary Thompson said good-bye to the manager, turned back and stepped out merrily and light-heartedly. The gate smiled after her and the sun stretched out her arms to greet her. (J. Wooten)
–The wind laughed at their attempts to catch the flying papers. –The willow tree danced seductively in the wind. Reliable Nature brought her promise of spring.
–England expects every man to do his duty. – Lord Nelson
–China stands tall among nations. –How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!
(John Milton)
?时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。
–―Don‘t talk to me about no opportunity any more. Opportunity‘s knocking down every door in the country, trying to get in. when I was young, a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.‖(Kurt Vonegut: Tom Edison’s Shaggy Dog)
?―休说什么机会难逢。机会正在国内每家每户敲门，想要进去呢。我年轻那会儿，人们得出门去寻找机会，揪着耳朵把它拖回来。‖ ?……挨家挨户……
?Hyperbole 夸张
?有意夸大或缩小事物的某一方面，用以加强语气，增强语言的感染力，从而获得更好的表达效
果。
–She is the prettiest girl in the world. ?她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
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–For she was beautiful – her beauty made
The bright world dim, and everything beside Seemed like the fleeting image of a shade. (Shelly)
–I have told you a thousand times not to play with matches. –Women never have young minds. They are born three thousand years old. –I ate enough water melons tonight to last me a lifetime. –He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop. ?他在林荫道上跑着，发出的声音就像十匹马在奔腾。
?Euphemism 讳饰
?用委婉的词句来回避令人不愉快的词句。
–Thousands of people flocked to the hospitals to pay their respects to the remains of the great film star.
?成千上万的人涌进医院，瞻仰这位伟大的影星的遗容。
–His daughter is rather weak in the head. ?他的女儿脑子不太好使。
?Metonymy 转喻
?借与某事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物，亦称―借代‖。
–He must have been spoilt from the cradle. –What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.
–= Things learned in childhood will not be forgotten till death. –Having finished the law school, he was called to the bar. –=…he became a lawyer (AmE)/ a barrister (Br E). –Down Under
?Australia
–British Lion
?England/the English government
–John Bull
?England/the English people
–Ivan
?The Russian people
–Uncle Sam
?The USA
–Capitol Hill
?The legislative Branch of the U.S ?
–Downing Street
?The British government/cabinet
–Hollywood
?American film-making industry
–Fleet Street
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?The British press
–Foggy Bottom
?U.S. State Department
–Madison Avenue
?American advertising industry
–The Pentagon
?The U.S. military establishment
–Wall Street
?U.S. financial circles
–The White House
?The U.S. President/administration
–Brain/head
?Wisdom, intelligence, reason
–Heart
?Feelings, emotions
–Quisling
?Traitor
–Romeo
?Lover
–Helen
?Beautiful woman
–Milton
?poet
–The bar
?The legal profession
–The bench
?Position (or office) of judge/magistrate
–The press
?News reporters, journalists, newspapers
–His wife spent all her life on the stage.
?他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。
–Paper and ink cut the throats of men, and the sound of a breath may shake the world. ?纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。
–Great minds think alike. ?英雄所见略同。
–Gray hair should be respected.
–=The old/aged should be respected.
?老年人应受到尊敬。
?Ellipsis 省略
?常出现在口语体和非正式文体中，修辞效果简洁、明快。
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–―When did he say this?‖
―At the playground. And walking home. Yesterday.‖
= ―He said this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.‖ (John Cheever: The Season of Divorce)
?―他什么时候说这话的？‖
―在广场上。昨天回家的路上。‖
?Asyndeton（连词省略）
–He has provided the poor with jobs, with opportunity, with self-respect.
?他给穷人提供了工作，提供了机会，提供了自尊。
–They smiled, shook hands, parted.
?他们微微一笑，相互握手，分手告别。
–pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival of and the success of liberty.
– John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Speech
–But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. – Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address
?Periphrasis 折绕
–Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience.
＝Her nose was blocked.
?她的嗅觉系统暂时有些不便。
–His brother is a disturber of the piano keys.
=pianist
?他哥哥是一个跟钢琴键找麻烦的人。
?Hypallage 移就
?transferred epithet转移修饰法
–为简洁或生动之目的，通过诸如将形容词修饰语移至一个出人预料的位置而使语句的两个成
份错位或临时组合。（美国语言学者David Grambs，1990）
–移就格不仅大量出现在文学作品中，现代科普英语为了摆脱科技文章的枯涩与沉闷感也越来
越多地运用移就等积极修辞法。
–After a happy day, she had a sleepless night. ?她在度过欢乐一天之后，却又熬过一个不眠之夜。
–In the examination, the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher, who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.
?在考场上，那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼，老师显然怀疑到他在作弊。
?移就格的特征
?转移形容词 + 中心语。
–由于二者是一种临时的、违背语法逻辑常规的搭配，因此中心语只是形式上的被修饰语。转
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移形容词本来应当修饰的对象才是它的逻辑被修饰语。逻辑被修饰语有时存在于语境之中，有时存在于语境之外，甚至偶尔难以判断。
–I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water. ?和煦的微风吹拂着我的肌肤，凉爽的海水托浮着我的身体。我享受着那种纯粹的飘飘欲仙的感觉。
–逻辑被修饰语为介词宾语water。
–But he just looked at her with his crying face.
?然而，他只是泪流满面地瞧着她。
–逻辑被修饰语为句中主语he。
–People listened with open-mouthed astonishment while the shocking news sank in. ?当这条令人震惊的消息传来时，人们听后都惊得张大了嘴巴。
–转移形容词open-mouthed用来表示与中心语astonishment的结果，也就是说，虽然中心语只是
形式上的被修饰语，但二者之间还是存在一定的逻辑关系。
–The anguished dignity she brought to that part made it the best performance of her career. ?那个尽管痛苦却不失尊严的角色是她演艺生涯中塑造得最成功的一个。 –表示让步。
–The sky was overcast, and poured down onto the dirt crossroads a very discouraging light. ?阴沉沉的天空使这片泥土地的十字路口呈现出一片令人沮丧的色调。 –表示作用和影响。
–All the time the creeping fear that he would never come back to her grew strong within her. ?一直令她揪心的那种毛骨悚然的恐惧愈来愈强烈——她感到他将永远离她而去。
–触觉联想。
?移就修辞格中，转移形容词与中心语之间总是存在着某种联系，而这种联系是靠联想建立起来
的，所以英语移就格具备一种字面以外的联想意义，引人想象，发人深思。所以移就运用得当，可使语言精炼，意蕴丰富。
–He occasionally even engages in electronic conversations with Apple users around the country. ?他甚至偶尔跟全国各地的苹果电脑用户通过电脑连线交谈。 –比较：conversations on the Internet.
?同时，移就语言不合常规的搭配使其形式新颖别致，生动幽默，能给读者留下深刻的印象。
–And, as if to emphasize the difficulties that any prevention program has to face, you had only to
walk through any exit to find little groups enjoying a quiet cigarette. ?而且，像是为了强调任何预防措施都必定会面临的那些困难，你必须穿行于所有的出口，搜索那些正在偷偷过烟瘾的三三两两的人们。
?Parenthetically, let me admit that it isn‘t easy to resist cracking all those nut jokes. But resist I will. You‘ll get no cheap laughs from this article.
?？附带说一句，我得承认人们是很难抗拒破译所有那些难懂的笑料的。但我会竭力抗拒。不动脑子，你将无法感受到该文章中引人发笑之处。
–Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1995) Crack a joke: (infml) to tell a joke. –e.g. He kept cracking jokes about my appearance.
?顺便说一句，我承认，讲些不用脑子就能听懂的笑话，这种冲动很难抗拒。不过我会尽力抗拒。
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