?第一，要足够的估计成绩。我们的革命建设，成绩是主要的，缺点也有。有那么多成绩，夸大
是不行的。 （《毛泽东选集》）
?First, we must make an adequate assessment of our achievements. In our revolution and construction,
the achievements are primary, though there are shortcomings and mistakes. Our achievements, however many, must not be exaggerated.
?再如：
?我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬
上去。父亲是一个胖子，走过去自然要费事些。我本来要去的，他不肯，只好让他去。
?1. 学生判断（讨论与分析）：
?原文主要隐含什么逻辑关系？哪几句？ ?原文主要隐含转折关系和因果关系。 ?2. 笔头作业
?I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to
reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself, but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go.
?(朱自清《背影》，张培基译)
?三、对策和方法
? 由于汉英篇章之间的共性和差异，在汉译英时，译者面临两方面的任务：第一，将汉
语篇章按英语篇章的扩展形式进行组织、分切、合并得体；第二，将汉语篇章按英语思维表达，先后、主次得当，力求内容与形式的辨证统一。
?1. 分切（分译法）
?（1）许多汉语篇章中，汉语句子比较短，长句也常常用逗号分开，这就形成了翻译时的自然
分切处。例如：
?庞贝城现在成了举世闻名的游览地，/ 人们可以在这里赞赏自然界的伟力与人类的创造才能，发出繁华如过眼云烟之类的种种感慨，/ 享受地中海的太阳与和风。
?Pompeii has now become a world renowned tourist spot. People visiting this place can admire the ?(2) 比较复杂的分切涉及句法结构的改变、搭配的拆合以及重新构建等。例如：
power of nature, the creativity of man or sigh with emotion that glory and prosperity are as transient as fleeting clouds. They can also enjoy the sunshine and the soft breeze of the Mediterranean.
?那件案子使他付出的代价是体重从160斤下降到了120斤， 看起来起码老了十岁，连讲话也
没了底气。
?那件案子使他付出的代价 / 是体重从160斤下降到了120斤，/ 看起来起码老了十岁，连讲话
也没了底气。
?The stress of the case took its toll on him. His weight fell from 80 kg to 60 kg. He looked at least ten
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years older and his voice grew very weak.
?(3)根据汉语篇章中内在的逻辑关系层，如因果、递进、转折、并列等进行分切。例如：
?酒店濒临海湾，环境憩静。供家庭式度假小住有一厅二房；供团体入住有一厅六房；更有高级豪华双人房六十间。设备先进，服务周到，宾至如归。
? 酒店濒临海湾，环境憩静。供家庭式度假小住有一厅二房；供团体入住有一厅六房；/ 更有
高级豪华双人房六十间。设备先进，服务周到，宾至如归。
?The hotel lies on a cove in a peaceful environment. It provides two-room apartment for a whole
family to spend their vacation, and six-room apartment for group of tourists. In addition, there are 60 luxury double rooms. With modern facilities and excellent services, guests will feel completely at home. ?
? 2. 合并（合译法）
? 汉语篇章的特点是―形散而神聚‖，而英语篇章具有比较严谨的形式组织要求，因而在
汉译英时应注意化―流散‖为―聚集‖，同时，注意主次和先后顺序。 ?（1） 将汉语的隐性连接转换为英语的显性连接。例如：
?
?她身材矮小，容貌端庄，鼻子俏丽，头发光亮鉴人。
? Although she was both shot and slender, she had a dignified and elegant countenance, a fine nose and shinny hair.
?
?燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 （朱自
清：《匆匆》）
?Swallows may have gone, but there‘s a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there‘s a time of regreening ; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. (Tr. Zhu Chunshen)
?(2)运用英语中的各种手段，把汉语篇章中的句子或语段组合起来，使英语篇章具有组织性和
整体性。
?2.1 运用英语连接词。例如：
?我听到他弥留时的呻吟和叹息，我相信那不是病的痛苦的呻吟和叹息。我知道他还想再活几年，
帮我建起房子来。 （鲁彦：《父亲》）
?When I heard his dying groans and sigh , I believed they were caused not by physical pain, but regret
for not being able to live a few years more to help me with the new house. (Tr. Zhang Peiji)
?2.2 运用英语分词结构。例如：
?春天去了一大半了，还是冷；加上整天的下雨，淅淅沥沥，深夜独坐，听得令人有些凄凉……
（鲁迅：《伤逝》）
?Spring is more than half over, yet it is still cold, and sitting alone late at night after a whole day of
rain I find the continuous patter of raindrops depressing… (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)
?2.3 运用英语介词短语。例如：
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?秦始皇陵是秦朝第一个皇帝花三十多年时间为自己建成的一个壮伟的陵墓，一起陪葬的兵马俑
共有八千多个。
?Qin Shi Huang‘s Mausoleum is a great tomb which the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty spent over
30 years building for himself, with about 8,000 lifesize figures of soldiers and horses buried here to protect the emperor after his death.
?太阳当顶了。田野，丛树，屋舍，都显现在光明静穆的大平面上。（叶圣陶：《倪焕之》）
?With the sun right overhead now, the field, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out
clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still.
?练习题
?将下列例子译成英语，注意篇章的分析与处理：
?1. 有人说自信是成就伟大事业的基础。整个下午我一直在想这个问题，这是对的。我发现许
多人因为缺乏自信心而不能了解自己的潜力。这实在是憾事。
?2. 早听说香山红叶是北京最浓最浓的秋色，能去看看，自然乐意。我去的那日，天也作美，明净高爽，好得不能再好了；人也凑巧，居然找着一位老向导。这位老向导就住在西山脚下，早年做过四十年的向导，胡子都白了，还是腰板挺直，硬朗得很。 （杨朔：《香山红叶》）
?3. 北京是中国的文化中心。这里有五十多所高等院校，还有许多全国性的研究所和艺术科学
机构。
?4. 几件小摆设，每一件都代表着一个故事，珍藏着它们就像珍藏着一份份美好的回忆。
?5. 北京是中国的政治、文化中心。在那里你可以游览万里长城的一段——八达岭；
?明、清两代皇室居住的地方——故宫； … …
?参 考 译 文
?1. Self-confidence, someone said, is the foundation of doing great things. I have been thinking about
this the whole afternoon. I guess it‘s true. I find that so many people fail to realize their potential. This is such a pity.
?
?2. I heard long that the leaves on Xiangshan (Fragrance Hill) display the best reds of autumn in the
whole of Beijing. Of course I was only too happy to go and have a look. Luckily, on the day I went the weather could not have been better — bright, clear and dry — and we were just as lucky to find a guide. The old man lived right at the foot of the Western Hills. After working as a guide for over forty years till his whiskers turned white, he still held himself straight, altogether looking quite fit.
?3. As the cultural center of the country, Beijing has more than 50 institutions of higher learning, not
to mention the many national research institutes and art and science academies established in the capital.
?4. There are several small souvenirs, each with a story behind it, which I treasure as so many happy
memories.
?5. Beijing is the political and cultural center where you can visit Badaling, part of the Great Wall; the
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Imperial Palace, imperial families of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, …
?被动语态补充练习：
?1. 有谣言说，明年年初要实行价格改革。 ?2. 明年将出版更多的儿童读物。
?3. 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此建立和发展贸易关系。 ?4. 大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。
?参考译文:
?1. Rumor has it that a price reform will be instituted at the beginning of next year. ?2. More books for children will be published next year.
?3. Customs all over the world are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts with
us.
?4. In most colleges and universities, the decision-making rights have been given to the department
head.
?参考书目
?陈宏薇.《汉英翻译基础》，上海外语教育出版社，1998 ?冯庆华.《英汉互译实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997
实用教程》，武汉大学出版社，1988
郭著章、李庆生.《英汉互译
? 居祖纯.《汉英语篇翻译》，清华大学出版社，1998 ? 吕瑞昌、喻云根等.《汉英翻译教程》，陕西人民出版社，1983
?牛双虹. 汉译英：英语定语从句的使用. 中国科技翻译. Vol.17, No.3. 2004, 2
?英语修辞格的理解与翻译 ?英语修辞格的分类 ?英语修辞格的翻译 ?英语修辞的分类
?可译
–平时使用最为频繁的，在汉英两种语言里都有对应的修辞格。这一类辞格汉英互通，一般都在
语义上做文章。
?难译
–利用各自语言的特点的修辞格。之所以难译，是因为它们的语法、语音、语言形式或文化背景
不为译文读者所熟悉。
?不能译
–一般都在字形、字音、词性、词的结构、词的缩减、词义更换、字的排列等方面做文章，而这
些原文的特点是无法传达到译文中去。
?英语修辞的翻译 ?直译法
–为了保留原原文修辞的特色，对可译的辞格，尽可能直译。
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?意译法
–对难译的辞格，尽可能加工。
?弥补法
–对不能译的辞格，尽可能补救，如换格、加重语气、加上脚注、加上简短的说明。
?英语修辞的翻译 ?直译法
–为了保留原原文修辞的特色，对可译的辞格，尽可能直译。
?意译法
–对难译的辞格，尽可能加工。
?弥补法
–对不能译的辞格，尽可能补救，如换格、加重语气、加上脚注、加上简短的说明
?
?Simile 明喻
?在本体和喻体之间出现明显的喻词，英语中用like, as, as if, as though，汉语中用―像‖、―好象‖、
―比如‖、―仿佛‖、―好比‖、―像……一样‖、―如……一样‖ –He drove as if possessed by the devil. ?他着魔似的驾车狂奔。
–与汉语的习惯表达相似：as cold as ice, as hot as fire, as hard as a rock, as white as snow –直译：as busy as a bee, as cheerful as a lark, as blind as a bat
–语义双关者无法直译，译出实际意思即可：as cool as a cucumber, as sharp as a needle, as tight as a drum
–It was like an electric current running through her body, as if the expectation of the audience was charging her with energy.
–His expression was that of a man whose parachute has failed to open in the midair.
–The difference between ―involvement‖ and ―commitment‖ is like an eggs-and-ham breakfast: the
chicken was ―involved‖ – the pig was ―committed.‖
–I was uneasily conscious that friendship with Mr. Vane was like owning a dog that bites. –Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope.
–Just as a parent must learn to explain things to a child on a basic level, so too systems people are faced with having to gear their language to people who are unfamiliar with computers and perhaps even computer-phobic.
–Mother was short and plump and pretty. Her eyes were blue, and her brown hair was like a bird‘s smooth wings… (Wilder)
–Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. –So compared with any ordinary beam of light, the laser beam is a very orderly affair indeed. It‘s like a military march – everyone in step. In an ordinary beam, the waves are like the people in a crowd going to a football match, justling and bumping into one another.
?Metaphor 暗喻
?不露痕迹的比喻，把甲直接说成―是‖乙或―变成了‖乙，英语里常用be作喻词，也用become, turn
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