?Be sure to learn from the failure to avoid similar mistakes.
?她上楼去拿大衣。 (学生先做) ?She went upstairs for her overcoat. ?我伸手去接包袱。
?I reached out my hand for the bundle. ?人民起来反抗压迫。
?The people rose against oppression.
?①在有些表示动作、方式的连动式谓语中，通常把表示动作的动词作为核心动词，把表示动作方式的动词转换成介词短语或分词。
?他已于昨晚乘飞机去了上海。
?He left for Shanghai by plane last night. ?她光着脚走进了房间。(学生先做)
?She came into the room with no shoes on. ?不久，他抱着一个大西瓜回来了。
?Soon he came back, holding a big watermelon in his arms.
?（1）根据英语的基本句型之一，即主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（SVOC）来翻译兼语式谓语，
兼语式的第一个动词为核心动词，第二个动词作为宾语补足语，
?他教我打篮球。
?He taught me to play basketball. ?我们极力阻止他投资这个项目。
?We tried to prevent him from investing this project.
?他要求他的学生独立思考。
?He asked his students to think for themselves. ?他们强迫这个孩子去行窃。 ?They forced the child into theft. ?(2)利用英语中的某些及物动词来翻译
?英语中有大量的动词含有―使……‖的意思，如confuse使……困惑，excite使……激动，exhaust
使……筋疲力尽等。翻译兼语式谓语时，可以利用这类动词。
?这道题让所有的学生都很困惑。 ?This problem confused all the students. ?他的行为令我们十分震惊。 ?His behavior shocked us a lot.
?（3） 作为句子的一个成分时，可将兼语式谓语转换成名词性短语。
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?老师表扬他努力学习让许多学生十分不满。
?The teacher‘s praise for his hard working displeased many students. ?他反对我们进行调查说明他卷入了这起丑闻中。
?His objection for our investigation indicates that he has been involved in this scandal.
四、 句子翻译的基本方法
1.换序译法
?他按响汽车喇叭，前门应声而开。 ?The front door opened to his hoot.
? 调整语序后的翻译更为简洁、通顺，突出了原文的主要意义 。
2. 合句译法
?因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的，这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，
就变得更加严重了。
?The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded
by the paucity of the information media.
?3. 转句译法
? 将汉语短语转换成英语句子。例如：
?她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人奋进的小说。
?Sickly and weak the girl is, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.
?4. 拆句译法
? 把较长且结构较为复杂的句子拆分成几个英语句子。例如：
?一定要言行一致，理论与实践相结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎
实实，埋头苦干。
?Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely integrated. We must reject
flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be steadfast and dedicated.
? 原句较长并且缺乏内在联系，可以将其拆译为几个短句 。
?5. 转态译法
? 汉语多用主动语态，而英语里的被动语态却比较多见，常将汉语的主动语态译成英语的被动
语态。例如：
?破产企业要真关闭，不准假破产，真逃债。
?Bankrupt enterprises shall be closed and no enterprises shall be allowed to evade payment of debts
through declaring bankruptcy.
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?6. 正反译法
? 将汉语中一些否定句译成英语的肯定句，而汉语中一些肯定句译成英语的否定句。例如： ?油漆未干。 ?The paint is wet.
?不要客气。 / 别见外。 ?Just make yourself at home.
?非请莫入！
?Admission by invitation only! ?他无权签订这个合同。
? It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. ?我的猜测并不比你高明。 ?My guess is as good as yours.
?把门关上！
?Don‘t leave the door open. ?他给我的印象很坏。（我对他的印象很坏） ?I have no opinion of him.
练习题 参考译文：
?1. This project will have been completed by the end of next year.
?2. It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. ?3. On weekends we go to the concert, visit museum or watch ball games. ?4. Hugging her son, she broke down completely.
?5. She ordered me to set off at six o‘clock early next morning. ?6. Today‘s training exhausted all of us.
?7. His support for his wife‘s resign disappointed his friends. ?8. The usher took him to his seat.
?9. She was determined to study abroad despite expense.
?10. You have made good progress in teaching and researching, but you should not get conceited and
arrogant.
?11. To advance our cause into the 21st century in all-round way requires us to seize opportunities
without fail, and blaze new trails instead of following the beaten track.
第四部分主动与被动
（教材第五章第八节）
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一、汉英语言的被动语态比较
?（1）句子的重心是事件本身而非施动者。例如：
?In the end he got invited.
?Will this question be discussed tomorrow morning?
?（2）施动者不明或不提及施动者时。例如：
?Another college has been set up in this city.
?This proposal was generally considered as not very practical.
?（3）为了强调施动者，用带by+词组的被动句。例如：
?Telephone was invented by Graham Bell. ?The flowers were destroyed by the rain.
?（4）受上下文和语境的支配。例如：
2. 表达方式比较
?In competition，either you defeat him or are defeated by him.
?The little boy tried to get out of his mother‘s sight，but he was too late，and he was caught. ?（1）汉语的被动语态有两种表达方式：
?①有形式标志的被动语态
?汉语表示被动的语言手段有：被、受、把、挨、遭、给、叫、由、让、得到、加以、予以、为……
所、被……所、是……的，等。例如：
二、汉语主动句的英译
1. 汉语主动句译成英语主动句
?我们边饮酒边讨论。
?We discussed the matter over a bottle of wine. ?老师演的那个节目的确很精彩。
?That performance of the teacher was really wonderful. ?请把昨天收到的那封信给我。
?Please give me the letter you received yesterday.
? 汉语中有些句子可以用主动语态表示被动意义，英语中也有类似的情况。如： ?这门锁不上。
?The door won‘t lock.
?休息后，会议重新开始。
?After a rest, the meeting resumed. ?这本小说比较容易读。
?This novel is comparatively easy to read.
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2. 汉语主动句译成英语被动句
? 汉语多主动，英语多被动。所以，除了译为主动句之外，汉语的主动句在很多情况下要译成
英语的被动句。有以下几种常见情况。 ?1）保留原文中的主语，强调被动者。
?大米主要产于南方。
?Rice is chiefly grown in the South.
?晚上九点以后，长途电话费可以减少50%。
?After9 P. m., long-distance telephone rate will be cut by half.
?听说他没有拿到金牌，我们很失望。
?We are rather disappointed that he failed to win the gold medal. ?露西两个星期前重新开始训练，有望参加下个赛季的比赛。
?Lucy resumed practicing two weeks ago and is expected to participate in the next season‘s games.
?我准是又上当了。
?I must have been cheated again. ?我使别人听懂我用英语说的话。
?I will make myself understood in English. ?他得了重感冒。
?He was hard hit by the flu. ?布莱克先生得了头奖。
?Mr. Black was given the first prize.
?（2）突出原文的宾语，将宾语置于主语的位置，动词用被动语态。 ?如果有人问你私事，你尽可以不答。
?If you are asked personal questions ,you need not answer them. ?现代工业需要大量蒸汽。
?Large quantities of steam are required by modern industry. ?政府授权工商部门严厉取缔投机倒把活动。
?Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban
speculation and profiteering.
?（3）无具体施动者的汉语无主句。
??动宾结构的无主句。
?发现了错误，一定要纠正。
?Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. ?没有爱心，就无法了解人生。
?Life cannot be understood without much charity.
??一些表示要求、规定的无主句。
?如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
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